With braiding
With duals for objects
category with duals (list of them)
dualizable object (what they have)
ribbon category, a.k.a. tortile category
With duals for morphisms
monoidal dagger-category?
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Closed structure
Special sorts of products
Semisimplicity
Morphisms
Internal monoids
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In higher category theory
The category of functors on a monoidal category canonically inherits itself a monoidal category structure via a categorified convolution product. This holds generally in the context of enriched category theory. This was first observed by (Day 70) and accordingly these monoidal structures are called Day convolution products.
In more detail, just as there is convolution of functions whenever carries the structure of a group, or more generally just the structure of a monoid, so there is convolution of functors whenever the category carries the structure of a monoidal category.
This may be generalized by replacing Set with a more general cocomplete symmetric monoidal category . The technical condition is that is a monoidally cocomplete category: i.e. the tensor product preserves colimits in its two arguments separately; hence that the functors and preserve colimits. This occurs notably when is symmetric closed monoidal (so that these functors are left adjoints).
Let be a closed symmetric monoidal category with all small limits and colimits.
For a -enriched category, write for the -enriched functor category to , etc.
We discuss two equivalent ways of defining Day convolution
Let be a small -enriched monoidal category.
Then the Day convolution tensor product on
is given by the following coend
We observe now that Day convolution is equivalently a left Kan extension. This will be key for understanding monoids and modules with respect to Day convolution.
The Day convolution product (def. ) of two functors is equivalently the left Kan extension of their external tensor product (def. ) along the tensor product : there is a natural isomorphism
Hence the adjunction unit is a natural transformation of the form
This perspective is highlighted in (MMSS 00, p. 60).
By prop. we may compute the left Kan extension as the following coend:
Proposition implies the following fact, which is the key for the identification of βfunctors with smash productβ.
The operation of Day convolution (def. ) is universally characterized by the property that there are natural isomorphisms
The Day convolution can also be expressed in terms of profunctors. The tensor product induces a representable profunctor . The above definition can be interpreted to say that if are regarded as profunctors , where is the unit -category, then is the composite of profunctors
A more βglobalβ way to say the same thing is to consider the βevaluationβ functor to be a profunctor . Then the profunctor composite
is a functor , which by exponential transpose gives a functor ; this is the Day convolution product.
The above description in terms of profunctors makes it clear that the construction only depends on the representable profunctor induced by , i.e. on the underlying promonoidal category of . In the original article (Day 70), a stronger form of the convolution is discussed, in which is assumed only to be a promonoidal category.
Before continuing our discussion, we comment a bit on a convention adopted in (Dayβs thesis). To define promonoidal structures, Day used functors of the form , whereas the nLab convention is that a profunctor βΈ is a functor . Following modern usage and (Corner 2016), instead of defining Day convolution for -enriched functors, we do so for -presheaves.
Let be a BΓ©nabou cosmos, be a small -enriched category equipped with the structure of a promonoidal category, and write for (this is called the Einstein notation for profunctors; see (Loregian 2019, Definition 5.1.10)).
There is an equivalence of categories between the category of pro-monoidal structures on with strong pro-monoidal functors between them and the category of biclosed monoidal structures on with strong monoidal functors between them.
This is claimed without proof in (Day 70).
The monoidal structure on for promonoidal and monoidally cocomplete may be seen as the multicategory structure arising from viewing and as multicategories, since is exponentiable in this case. See multicategory and Proposition 2.12 of Pisani 2014 for more details.
For a small monoidal -enriched category, the Day convolution product of def. makes
a monoidal category with tensor unit co-represented by the tensor unit of .
This may be deduced fairly abstractly from the above description of Day convolution in terms of profunctors, using the associativity of the promonoidal structure on . It of course also holds when is only promonoidal, as shown in Day70 and Dayβs thesis.
For a small monoidal -enriched category, the monoidal category with Day convolution from def. is a closed monoidal category. Its internal hom is given by the end
or equivalently by the end
First note that the equivalence between the two formulas follows from the Yoneda lemma. (We mention them both, even though the second is undoubtedly simpler, because the more general case of a promonoidal this simplification is unavailable.)
In analogy to the cartesian closed monoidal structure on presheaves we see that if the internal hom in exists at all, (with right adjoint to ) then by the enriched Yoneda lemma and by the end-expression for the hom-objects in the enriched functor category it has to be given by
This exists, by the assumption that is small and that has all small limits. Now to check that this really gives a right adjoint:
While most of this page discusses the covariant Day convolution, the contravariant one interacts conveniently with the Yoneda embedding.
The Yoneda embedding constitutes a strong monoidal functor .
The proof that the tensor unit is respected is dual to the argument in prop. . To see that the tensor product is respected, apply the co-Yoneda lemma twice to get the following natural isomorphism
Given any monoidal category then one may consider monoid objects and module objects inside it.
For a small (symmetric) monoidal -enriched category, then (commutative) monoid objects in the Day convolution monoidal category of prop. are equivalent to (symmetric) lax monoidal functors :
In functional programming, these monoids give rise to the notion of Applicative.
Moreover, module objects over these monoid objects are equivalent to the corresponding modules over monoidal functors.
This is stated in some form in (Day 70, example 3.2.2). It was highlighted again in (MMSS 00, prop. 22.1). See also MO discussion here.
A lax monoidal functor is given by natural transformations
satisfying compatibility conditions. Under the natural isomorphism of corollary these are identified with natural transformations
satisfying analogous conditions. This is just the structure of a monoid object on under .
Similarly for module objects and modules over monoidal functors.
This page primarily addresses the Day convolution monoidal structure on when is monoidal or promonoidal and enriched over . This monoidal structure βconvolvesβ the respective structures of and . One might ask if one can convolve the monoidal structures of two promonoidal categories in general. In other words, is it possible to equip the functor category , for promonoidal categories and , with a convolution monoidal structure? The literature does not seem to give a definite answer to this question in general. However, in the case that is biclosed and cocomplete there is a monoidal convolution structure on as shown in Proposition 5.4 of Day74. In this special situation, the monoid objects of are precisely the promonoidal functors (Remark 2.2 of Day77), where obtains a promonoidal structure from its monoidal structure by Theorem 4.1 of Day70.
In the case that is pointed topological spaces or pointed simplicial sets equipped with the smash product of pointed objects and that is a diagram category for spectra, then monoids in prop. are known as ring spectra and the lax monoidal functors in prop. are known as the incarnation of ring spectra as βfunctors with smash productβ.
For a small monoidal -enriched category, and for a monoid object with respect to Day convolution over , write
for the full subcategory of the category of modules over on those that are free modules and moreover free on objects in (under the Yoneda embedding). Hence the objects of are those of and the hom-objects are
For a small -enriched category, and for a monoid object with respect to Day convolution over , then there is an equivalence of categories
between the category of right modules over and the enriched functor category out of the opposite category of that of free -modules from def. .
Use the identification from prop. of with a lax monoidal functor and of any -module object as a functor with the structure of a module over a monoidal functor, given by natural transformations
Notice that these transformations have just the same structure as those of the enriched functoriality of of the form
Hence we may unify these two kinds of transformations into a single kind of the form
and subject to certain identifications.
Now observe that the hom-objects of (def. ) have just this structure:
We claim that under this identification, composition in is given by
where
the first morphism is, in the integrand, the tensor product of
forming the tensor product of hom-objects of with the identity of
the monoidal functor incarnation of the monoid structure on ;
the second morphism is, in the integrand, given by composition in ;
the last morphism is the morphism induced on coends by regarding extranaturality in and separately as a special case of extranaturality in (and then renaming).
It is fairly straightforward to see that, under the above identifications, functoriality under this composition is equivalently functoriality in together with the action property over .
Let be a discrete category over a set, which is hence a monoid (for instance a group) with product .
Then the Day convolution product is
Notice that if we regard the presheaves and here, assuming they take values in finite sets, as categorifications of -valued functions , where is the cardinality operation on finite sets, then this reproduces precisely the ordinary convolution product of these -valued functions
This uses in particular that for every object the functor
is in this sense the Kronecker delta-function on the set supported at . Precisely because by assumption has only identity morphisms.
Further examples:
There is an obvious monoidal structure on the cube category. By Day convolution this induces a monoidal structure on cubical sets. This in turn induces a monoidal structure on strict omega-categories.
There is a monoidal structure on the augmented simplex category which by Day convolution induces a monoidal structure on the category of augmented simplicial sets, which by restriction induces the join operation on simplicial sets.
If is a large category in one universe, then its universe enlargement to a bigger universe can be given a closed monoidal structure via Day convolution.
The semantics of linear logic obtained from Girardβs βphase spacesβ, or more generally from ternary frames, is essentially Day convolution for posets.
The symmetric smash product of spectra on, in particular, symmetric spectra and orthogonal spectra is the Day convolution product for Top-enriched functors on monoidal categories of symmetric groups of orthogonal groups, respectively (MMSS 00, theorem 1.7 and section 21.).
Similarly the symmetric smash product of spectra on the model structure for excisive functors is Day convolution for sSet-enriched functors on the plain smash product of finite pointed simplicial sets (Lydakis 98).
See also at functor with smash products.
The concept, and many of its basic properties, originates in several works of Brian day, including:
Brian Day, Construction of Biclosed Categories, PhD thesis. School of Mathematics of the University of New South Wales, September 1970. Link.
Brian Day, On closed categories of functors, Reports of the Midwest Category Seminar IV, Lecture Notes in Mathematics Vol. 137. Springer-Verlag, 1970, pp 1-38 (pdf),
Brian Day, On closed categories of functors II, Category Seminar, Sydney 1972/73, Springer Lecture Notes, Vol. 420, 20-53.
Brian Day, Promonoidal functor categories, J. Austral. Math. Soc. 23 (Series A) (1977), 312-328.
(Note that some unproven statements in (Dayβs report) are proved in (Dayβs thesis) and vice versa.)
The universal property of the Day convolution, in the sense of free monoidal cocompletion, is discussed in
A generalisation to -cocompletions for some class of weights is discussed in Β§3 of:
General discussion includes
The application of Day convolution to the construction of symmetric smash products of spectra for highly structured spectra is due to
and for excisive functors due to
(see also at functors with smash product).
Day convolution for monoidal bicategories is developed in
Day convolution for (β,1)-categories is discussed in
Other references cited in this page:
On -colimits and Day convolution in the context of enriched -categories:
Various generalisations are discussed in:
The link with multicategories is observed in:
Last revised on April 11, 2024 at 18:39:34. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.