nLab injective object

Definition

There is a very general notion of an injective object in a category $C$, and then there is a sequence of more concrete notions as $C$ is equipped with more structure and property, in particular for $C$ an abelian category or a relative thereof.

The concept of resolutions by injective objects – injective resolutions – is crucial in the discussion of derived functors (see derived functors in homological algebra).

Being injective is a property of an object; the corresponding structure is called an algebraic injective.

General definition

Let $C$ be a category and $J \subset Mor(C)$ a class of morphisms in $C$.

Example

Frequently, $J$ is the class of all monomorphisms, or a related class such as the regular monomorphisms.

When $C$ is a category of chain complexes equipped with the injective model structure on chain complexes, then $J$ is often its class of cofibrations.

Definition

An object $I$ in $C$ is $J$-injective if all diagrams of the form

$$\array{ X &\to& I \\ {}^{\mathllap{j \in J}}\downarrow \\ Z }$$

admit an extension

$$\array{ X &\to& I \\ {}^{\mathllap{j \in J}}\downarrow & \nearrow_{\mathrlap{\exists}} \\ Z } \,.$$

If $J$ is the class of all monomorphisms, we speak merely of an injective object.

Remark

If $C$ has a terminal object $\ast$, then the $J$-injective objects $I$ according to def. are those for which the unique morphism $I \stackrel{\exists!}{\to} \ast$ is a $J$-injective morphism.

Definition

One says that a category $C$ has enough injectives if every object admits a monomorphism into an injective object.

(The dual notion is that of a projective object.)

Assuming the axiom of choice, we have the following easy result:

Proposition

Any small Cartesian product of injective objects is injective.

Remark

If $C$ has a terminal object $*$, then these extensions are equivalently lifts

$$\array{ X &\longrightarrow& I \\ \mathllap{{}^{j \in J}} \big\downarrow & \nearrow_{\mathrlap{\exists}} & \big\downarrow \\ Z &\longrightarrow& * }$$

and hence the $J$-injective objects are precisely those that have the right lifting property against the class $J$.

Remark

If $C$ is a locally small category then $I$ is $J$-injective precisely if the hom-functor

$$Hom_C(-,I) \,\colon\, C^{op} \longrightarrow Set$$

takes morphisms in $J$ to epimorphisms in Set.

Proposition

If $C$ has pushouts and the pushout of a morphism in $J$ along any other morphism is always an element of $J$, then the $J$-injective objects are precisely the objects $I$ such that every morphism in $J$ with domain $I$ is a split monomorphism.

In abelian categories

The term injective object is used most frequently in the context that $C$ is an abelian category.

Proposition

For $C$ an abelian category the class $J$ of monomorphisms is the same as the class of morphisms $f : A \to B$ such that $0 \to A \stackrel{f}{\to} B$ is exact.

Proof

By definition of abelian category every monomorphism $A \hookrightarrow B$ is a kernel, hence a pullback of the form

$$\array{ A &\to& 0 \\ \downarrow && \downarrow \\ B &\to& C }$$

for $0$ the (algebraic) zero object. By the pasting law for pullbacks we find that also the left square in

$$\array{ 0 &\to& A &\to& 0 \\ \downarrow && \downarrow && \downarrow \\ 0 &\to& B &\to& C }$$

is a pullback, hence $0 \to A \to B$ is exact.

Corollary

An object $I$ of an abelian category $C$ is then injective if it satisfies the following equivalent conditions:

• the hom-functor $Hom_C(-, I) : C^{op} \to \mathscr{Ab}$ is exact where $\mathscr{Ab}$ is the category of abelian groups;

• for all morphisms $f : X \to Y$ such that $0 \to X \to Y$ is exact and for all $k : X \to I$, there exists $h : Y \to I$ such that $h\circ f = k$.

$$\array{ 0 &\to& X &\stackrel{f}{\to}& Y \\ && \downarrow^{\mathrlap{k}} & \swarrow_{\mathrlap{\exists h}} \\ && I } \,.$$

By the formal dual of this prop..

In chain complexes

See homotopically injective object for a relevant generalization to categories of chain complexes, and its relationship to ordinary injectivity.

Examples

Injective modules

Let $R$ be a commutative ring and $C = R Mod$ the category of $R$-modules. We discuss injective modules over $R$ (see there for more).

The following criterion says that for identifying injective modules it is sufficient to test the right lifting property which characterizes injective objects by def. , only on those monomorphisms which include an ideal into the base ring $R$.

Proposition

(Baer's criterion)

If the axiom of choice holds, then a module $Q \in R Mod$ is an injective module precisely if for $I$ any left $R$-ideal regarded as an $R$-module, any homomorphism $g : I \to Q$ in $C$ can be extended to all of $R$ along the inclusion $I \hookrightarrow R$.

This is due to (Baer).

Sketch of proof

Let $i \colon M \hookrightarrow N$ be a monomorphism in $R Mod$, and let $f \colon M \to Q$ be a map. We must extend $f$ to a map $h \colon N \to Q$. Consider the poset whose elements are pairs $(M', f')$ where $M'$ is an intermediate submodule between $M$ and $N$ and $f' \colon M' \to Q$ is an extension of $f$, ordered by $(M', f') \leq (M'', f'')$ if $M''$ contains $M'$ and $f''$ extends $f'$. By an application of Zorn's lemma, this poset has a maximal element, say $(M', f')$. Suppose $M'$ is not all of $N$, and let $x \in N$ be an element not in $M'$; we show that $f'$ extends to a map $M'' = \langle x \rangle + M' \to Q$, a contradiction.

The set $\{r \in R: r x \in M'\}$ is an ideal $I$ of $R$, and we have a module homomorphism $g \colon I \to Q$ defined by $g(r) = f'(r x)$. By hypothesis, we may extend $g$ to a module map $k \colon R \to Q$. Writing a general element of $M''$ as $r x + y$ where $y \in M'$, it may be shown that

$$f''(r x + y) = k(r) + f'(y)$$

is well-defined and extends $f'$, as desired.

Corollary

(Assume that the axiom of choice holds.) Let $R$ be a Noetherian ring, and let $\{Q_j\}_{j \in J}$ be a collection of injective modules over $R$. Then the direct sum $Q = \bigoplus_{j \in J} Q_j$ is also injective.

Proof

By Baer’s criterion, theorem , it suffices to show that for any ideal $I$ of $R$, a module homomorphism $f \colon I \to Q$ extends to a map $R \to Q$. Since $R$ is Noetherian, $I$ is finitely generated as an $R$-module, say by elements $x_1, \ldots, x_n$. Let $p_j \colon Q \to Q_j$ be the projection, and put $f_j = p_j \circ f$. Then for each $x_i$, $f_j(x_i)$ is nonzero for only finitely many summands. Taking all of these summands together over all $i$, we see that $f$ factors through

$$\prod_{j \in J'} Q_j = \bigoplus_{j \in J'} Q_j \hookrightarrow Q$$

for some finite $J' \subset J$. But a product of injectives is injective, hence $f$ extends to a map $R \to \prod_{j \in J'} Q_j$, which completes the proof.

Proposition

Conversely, $R$ is a Noetherian ring if direct sums of injective $R$-modules are injective.

This is due to Bass and Papp. See (Lam, Theorem 3.46).

Injective abelian groups

Let $C = \mathbb{Z} Mod \simeq$ Ab be the abelian category of abelian groups.

Proposition

If the axiom of choice holds, then an abelian group $A$ is an injective object in Ab precisely if it is a divisible group, in that for all integers $n \in \mathbb{N}$ we have $n G = G$.

This follows for instance using Baer's criterion, prop. .

An explicit proof is spelled out at Planet math – abelian group is divisible if and only if it is an injective object

Example

By prop. the following abelian groups are injective in Ab.

The group of rational numbers $\mathbb{Q}$ is injective in Ab, as is the additive group of real numbers $\mathbb{R}$ and generally that underlying any field of characteristic zero. The additive group underlying any vector space is injective. The quotient of any injective group by any other group is injective.

Example

Not injective in Ab is for instance the cyclic group $\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}$ for $n \gt 1$.

In toposes

In any topos, the subobject classifier $\Omega$ is an injective object, as is any power of $\Omega$ (Mac Lane-Moerdijk, IV.10).

Also one can define various notions of internally injective objects. These turn out to be equivalent:

Proposition

In any elementary topos $\mathcal{E}$ with a natural numbers object, the following statements about an object $I \in \mathcal{E}$ are equivalent.

1. The functor $[-, I] : \mathcal{E}^op \to \mathcal{E}$ maps monomorphisms in $\mathcal{E}$ to epimorphisms.
2. The functor $[-, I] : \mathcal{E}^op \to \mathcal{E}$ maps monomorphisms in $\mathcal{E}$ to morphisms for which any global element of the target locally (after change of base along an epimorphism) possesses a preimage.
3. For any morphism $p : A \to 1$ in $\mathcal{E}$, the object $p^*I$ has property 1. as an object of $\mathcal{E}/A$.
4. For any morphism $p : A \to 1$ in $\mathcal{E}$, the object $p^*I$ has property 2. as an object of $\mathcal{E}/A$.
5. The interpretation of the statement “$I$ is an injective object” using the stack semantics of $\mathcal{E}$ holds.

Proof

The implications “1. $\Rightarrow$ 2.”, “3 $\Rightarrow$ 4.”, “3. $\Rightarrow$ 1.”, and “4. $\Rightarrow$ 2.” are trivial.

The equivalence “3. $\Leftrightarrow$ 5.” follows directly from the interpretation rules of the stack semantics.

The implication “2. $\Rightarrow$ 4.” employs the extra left-adjoint $p_! : \mathcal{E}/A \to \mathcal{E}$ to $p^* : \mathcal{E} \to \mathcal{E}/A$, as in the usual proof that injective sheaves remain injective when restricted to smaller open subsets: We have that $p_* \circ [-, p^*I]_{\mathcal{E}/A} \cong [-, I]_{\mathcal{E}} \circ p_!$, the functor $p_!$ preserves monomorphisms, and one can check that $p_*$ reflects the property that global elements locally possess preimages. Details are in (Harting, Theorem 1.1).

The implication “4. $\Rightarrow$ 3.” follows by performing an extra change of base, since any non-global element becomes a global element after a suitable change of base.

Somewhat surprisingly, and in stark contrast with the situation for internally projective objects, internal injectivity coincides with external injecticity.

Proposition

Let $\mathcal{E}$ be the topos of sheaves over a locale. Then an object $I \in \mathcal{E}$ is internally injective (in any of the senses given by Proposition ) if and only if $I$ is injective as in Definition .

Proof

Let $I$ be an externally injective object. Then $I$ satisfies condition 2. of Proposition , even without having to pass to a cover.

Conversely, let $I$ be an internally injective object. Let $m : X \to Y$ be a monomorphism and let $k : X \to I$ be an arbitrary morphism. We want to show that there exists an extension $Y \to I$ of $k$ along $m$. To this end, consider the sheaf

$$F \coloneqq \{ k' : \mathcal{H}om(Y,I) | k' \circ m = k \}.$$

One can check that $F$ is flabby (this is particularly easy using the internal language, details will be added later) and therefore has a global section.

Remark

The analogs of Proposition and Proposition for abelian group objects instead of unstructured objects hold as well, with mostly the same proofs. Condition 1. then refers to the functor $[-, X] : Ab(\mathcal{E})^op \to Ab(\mathcal{E})$.

Topological spaces

In the category Top of all topological spaces, the injective objects are precisely the inhabited indiscrete spaces.

In the category of $T_0$ spaces (see separation axiom), the injective objects are the terminal spaces.

In the above two cases, this refers to injectivity with respect to monomorphisms.

In the category of $T_0$ spaces, the injective objects with respect to homeomorphic embeddings are precisely those given by Scott topologies on continuous lattices; as locales these are locally compact and spatial. (Such spaces are usually called, perhaps confusingly, injective spaces.)

In the category of all spaces, the injectives with respect to homeomorphic embeddings (i.e., regular monomorphisms) are the spaces whose $T_0$ reflections are continuous lattices under the Scott topology.

Boolean algebras

Injective objects in the category of Boolean algebras are precisely the complete Boolean algebras. This is the dual form of a theorem of Gleason, saying that the projective objects in the category of Stone spaces are the extremally disconnected ones (the closure of every open set is again open).

Posets

In the category of posets and order-preserving functions, the singleton is the only poset which satisfies the extension property along all monomorphisms. However, if we require injectives to satisfy the extension property only with respect to regular monomorphisms, then the injective objects are precisely the complete lattices. Indeed, if $I$ is an injective poset and $A \subseteq I$, then we can freely adjoin a supremum of $A$ to $I$ to get a new poset $J$, and the inclusion $I \hookrightarrow J$ has a retraction $f : J \to I$. It can easily be checked that $f$ maps the supremum of $A$ in $J$ to a supremum of $A$ in $I$. Conversely, let $I$ be a complete lattice and let $f : I \to J$ be a regular monomorphism. Assuming without loss of generality that $I \subseteq J$ and $f$ is the inclusion, regularity means that the order on $I$ is the order inherited from $J$. To define a retraction of $f$, for each $j\in J$, set $g(j) = \sup \{i \in I : i \leq j\}$. This shows that every regular monomorphism out of $I$ is a split monomorphism. It follows from Proposition that $I$ is injective with respect to the regular monomorphisms.

Banach spaces

In the category of Banach spaces and contractive linear maps, the only injective object with respect to all monomorphisms is the zero space. Indeed, suppose $I$ is injective and let $B$ be any non-zero Banach space. Choose any non-zero $x$ in the unit ball of $B$, and let $y$ be in the unit ball of $I$. Define linear maps $m$ and $f$ from the complex numbers to $B$ and $I$ respectively by setting $m(1) = x$ and $f(1) = y$. These are morphisms in this category, and $m$ is a monomorphism. By the injectivity of $I$, there exists a morphism $g: B \to I$ which extends $f$ along $m$, i.e., $g(x) = y$. Since $g$ is contractive, we have $\|y\| \leq \|x\|$. But $\|x\|$ can be chosen to be arbitrarily small, so $\|y\|=0$. Hence $I$ is the zero space.

If we require the extension property along regular monomorphisms only, then the injective objects are the Banach spaces of the form $(C(K), \|\cdot\|_\infty)$ for extremally disconnected compact Hausdorff spaces $K$.

Graphs

In the category of graphs (directed, allowing loops and multiple edges between pairs of vertices), a graph $G$ is injective if and only if, for all $x$ and $y$ in $G$, there is at least one edge going from $x$ to $y$ and at least one going from $y$ to $x$. (All monomorphisms in this category are regular.)

Properties

Preservation of injective objects

Lemma

Given a pair of additive adjoint functors

$$(L \dashv R) \;\colon\; \mathcal{B} \stackrel{\overset{L}{\longleftarrow}}{\underset{R}{\longrightarrow}} \mathcal{A}$$

between abelian categories such that the left adjoint $L$ is a left exact functor (thus automatically exact), then the right adjoint preserves injective objects.

Proof

Observe that an object is injective precisely if the hom-functor into it sends monomorphisms to epimorphisms, and that $L$ preserves monomorphisms by assumption of (left-)exactness. With this, the statement follows via the adjunction isomorphism

$$Hom_{\mathcal{A}}(-,R(I))\simeq Hom_{\mathcal{B}}(L(-),I) \,.$$

Remark

Additivity of the left adjoint follows from the remaining assumptions, since exact functors preserve biproducts.

The preceding lemma has the following variant:

Proposition

Let $\mathcal{C}$, $\mathcal{D}$ be categories and $L\dashv R:\mathcal{D}\to\mathcal{C}$ be an adjunction. If $L$ maps monos to monos, then $R$ maps injectives to injectives.

Proof

Let $I\in\mathcal{D}$ be injective. Consider the following diagram in $\mathcal{C}$:

$$\array{ A & \overset{m}{\rightarrowtail} & B \\ f\downarrow & & \\ R(I) & & }$$

Let $\theta: Hom_\mathcal{C}(X,R(Y))\overset{\simeq}{\rightarrow}Hom_\mathcal{D}(L(X),Y)$ the natural bijection given by the adjunction. Consider now the following diagram in $\mathcal{D}$ where the assumptions ensure that $L(m)$ is monic:

$$\array{ L(A) & \overset{L(m)}{\rightarrowtail} & L(B) \\ \theta(f)\downarrow & & \\ I & & }$$

Since $I$ is injective, there there exists a filler $\theta(g):L(B)\to I$ which by the adjunction must come from a uniquely determined $g:B\to R(I)$. But the naturality of the bijection with respect to composition says that

$$\frac{L(A)\overset{L(m)}{\rightarrowtail} L(B)\overset{\theta(g)}{\rightarrow}I}{A\overset{m}{\rightarrowtail} B\overset{g}{\rightarrow}R(I)}$$

correspond to each other under the bijection, whence we have $\theta(g\circ m)=\theta(g)\circ L(m)$. But from the commutativity of the second diagram, we have $\theta(g)\circ L(m)=\theta(f)=\theta(g\circ m)$. Since $\theta$ is a bijection, it follows that $f=g\circ m$, which proves that $R(I)$ is injective.

Remark

The proof transposes the proof of the dual statement 10.2. in (Hilton-Stammbach 1971, p. 82): In situation $L\dashv R$, if $R$ maps epis to epis, then $L$ maps projectives to projectives.

Remark

Let $X\in\mathcal{C}$ such that ${}_-\times:\mathcal{C}\to\mathcal{C}$ exists and has a right adjoint ${}_-\times X\dashv (_-)^X$. Since it is easy to check that ${}_-\times X$ preserves monos, it follows that $(_-)^X$ preserves injectives.

In particular, for toposes, this implies that all power objects $\Omega^X$ are injective, since the injectivity of $\Omega$ follows more or less straightforwardly from its classifying properties.

Existence of enough injectives

We discuss a list of classes of categories that have enough injectives according to def. .

Proposition

Every topos has enough injectives.

Proof

Every power object can be shown to be injective (cf. the above remark), and every object embeds into its power object by the “singletons” map.

Proposition

Assuming some form of the axiom of choice, the category of abelian groups has enough injectives.

Full AC is much more than required, however; small violations of choice suffice.

Proof

By Proposition , an abelian group is an injective $\mathbb{Z}$-module precisely if it is a divisible group. So, we need to show that every abelian group is a subgroup of a divisible group.

To start with, notice that the group $\mathbb{Q}$ of rational numbers is divisible, and hence the canonical embedding $\mathbb{Z} \hookrightarrow \mathbb{Q}$ shows that the additive group of integers embeds into an injective $\mathbb{Z}$-module.

Now, by the discussion at projective module, every abelian group $A$ admits an epimorphism $(\oplus_{s \in S} \mathbb{Z}) \to A$ from a free abelian group, and hence is the quotient group of the direct sum of copies of $\mathbb{Z}$. Accordingly, it embeds into a quotient $\tilde A$ of the direct sum of copies of $\mathbb{Q}$.

$$\array{ ker &\stackrel{=}{\to}& ker \\ \downarrow && \downarrow \\ (\oplus_{s \in S} \mathbb{Z}) &\hookrightarrow& (\oplus_{s \in S} \mathbb{Q}) \\ \downarrow && \downarrow \\ A &\hookrightarrow& \tilde A }$$

Here, $\tilde A$ is divisible because the direct sum of divisible groups is again divisible, and also the quotient group of a divisible groups is again divisble. So this exhibits an embedding of any $A$ into a divisible abelian group, hence into an injective $\mathbb{Z}$-module.

Lemma

Given a pair of additive adjoint functors

$$(L \dashv R) \;\colon\; \mathcal{B} \stackrel{\overset{L}{\longleftarrow}}{\underset{R}{\longrightarrow}} \mathcal{A}$$

between abelian categories such that the left adjoint $L$ is

1. an exact functor and

2. a faithful functor,

if $\mathcal{B}$ has enough injectives, then $\mathcal{A}$ also has enough injectives.

Proof

Consider $A \in \mathcal{A}$. By the assumption that $\mathcal{B}$ has enough injectives, there is an injective object $I \in \mathcal{B}$ and a monomorphism $i \colon L(A) \hookrightarrow I$. The adjunct of this is a morphism

$$\tilde i \colon A \longrightarrow R(I),$$

and so it is sufficient to show that

1. $R(I)$ is injective in $\mathcal{A}$, and

2. $\tilde i$ is a monomorphism.

The first point is the statement of Lemma .

For the second point, consider the kernel of $\tilde i$ as part of the exact sequence

$$ker(\tilde i)\longrightarrow A \stackrel{\tilde i}{\longrightarrow} R(I) \,.$$

By the assumption that $L$ is an exact functor, the image of this sequence under $L$ is still exact:

$$L(ker(\tilde i)) \longrightarrow L(A) \stackrel{L(\tilde i)}{\longrightarrow} L(R(I)) \,.$$

Now observe that $L(\tilde i)$ is a monomorphism. This is because its composite $L(A) \stackrel{L(\tilde i)}{\longrightarrow} L(R(I)) \stackrel{\epsilon}{\longrightarrow} I$ with the adjunction unit is (by the formula for adjuncts) the original morphism $i$, which is a monomorphism by construction. Therefore, the exactness of the above sequence means that $L(ker(\tilde i)) \to L(A)$ is the zero morphism, and by the assumption that $L$ is a faithful functor, this means that $ker(\tilde i) \to A$ is zero, and hence that $ker(\tilde i) = 0$, so $\tilde i$ is a monomorphism.

Proposition

As soon as the category Ab of abelian groups has enough injectives, so does the abelian category $R$Mod of modules over some ring $R$.

In particular, if the axiom of choice holds, then $R Mod$ has enough injectives.

Proof

Observe that the forgetful functor $U\colon R Mod \to AbGp$ has both a left adjoint $R_!$ (extension of scalars from $\mathbb{Z}$ to $R$) and a right adjoint $R_*$ (coextension of scalars). Since it has a left adjoint, it is exact. Thus the statement follows via lemma from prop. .

Proposition

For $R = k$ a field, hence $R$Mod = $k$Vect, every object is both injective as well as projective.

Proposition

The category of abelian sheaves $Ab(Sh(C))$ on any small site $C$, hence the category of abelian groups in the sheaf topos over $C$, has enough injectives.

A proof of can be found in Peter Johnstone‘s book Topos Theory, p261.

Remark

This is in stark contrast to the situation for projective objects, which generally do not exist in categories of sheaves.

Corollary

The category of sheaves of modules over any sheaf of rings? on any small site also enough injectives.

Proof

Combining prop. with prop. (which relativizes to any topos).

This slick proof of this important fact was pointed out by Colin McLarty in an email to the categories list dated 10 Oct 2010.

Injective resolutions

Proposition

Let $\mathcal{A}$ be an abelian category. Then for every object $X \in \mathcal{A}$ there is an injective resolution, hence a chain complex

$$J^\bullet = [J^0 \to \cdots \to J^n \to \cdots] \in Ch_(\mathcal{A})$$

equipped with a a quasi-isomorphism of cochain complexes $X \stackrel{\sim}{\to} J^\bullet$

$$\array{ X &\to& 0 &\to& \cdots &\to& 0 &\to& \cdots \\ \downarrow && \downarrow && && \downarrow \\ J^0 &\to& J^1 &\to& \cdots &\to& J^n &\to& \cdots } \,.$$

Related concepts

• projective object, projective presentation, projective cover, projective resolution

  • projective module

• injective object, injective presentation, injective envelope, injective resolution

  • injective module

• algebraically injective object

• free object, free resolution

  • free module

• flat object, flat resolution

  • flat module

• orthogonality

References

The notion of injective modules was introduced in

• R. Baer, Abelian groups that are direct summands of every containing abelian group , Bulletin AMS 46 no. 10 (1940) pp.800-806. (projecteuclid)

The dual notion of projective modules was considered explicitly only much later in

• Henri Cartan, Samuel Eilenberg, Homological Algebra, Princeton Univ. Press (1956), Princeton Mathematical Series 19 (1999) [ISBN:9780691049915, doi:10.1515/9781400883844, pdf]

Textbook accounts:

• Peter Hilton, Urs Stammbach, p. 30 in: A course in homological algebra, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1971, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, Vol. 4 (doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8566-8, pdf)

(used, e.g., for the proof of Lemma);

• Masaki Kashiwara, Pierre Schapira, sections 9.5, 14.1 of:_Categories and Sheaves_

Using tools from the theory of accessible categories, injective objects are discussed in

• Jiri Rosicky, Injectivity and accessible categories (ps)

Baer’s criterion is discussed in many texts, for example

• N. Jacobsen, Basic Algebra II, W.H. Freeman and Company, 1980.

See also

• T.-Y. Lam, Lectures on modules and rings, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 189, Springer Verlag (1999).

For injective objects in a topos see

• Francis Borceux, Handbook of Categorical Algebra vol. 3 , Cambridge UP 1994. (section 5.6, pp.314-315)

• Saunders Mac Lane, Ieke Moerdijk, Sheaves in geometry and Logic , Springer Heidelberg 1994. (section IV.10, pp.210-213)

• D. Higgs, Injectivity in the topos of complete Heyting algebra valued sets , Can. J. Math. 36 (1984) pp.550-568. (pdf)

• Peter Johnstone, Fred Linton, Robert Paré, Injective Objects in Topoi II: Connections with the axiom of choice , pp.207-216 in LNM 719 Springer Heidelberg 1979.

• T. Kenney, Injective Power Objects and the Axiom of Choice , JPAA 215 (2011) pp.131–144.

• Fred Linton, Injective Objects in Topoi III: Stability under coproducts , Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci. Sér. Sci. Math. Astronom. Phys. 29 (1981) pp.341-347.

• Fred Linton, Robert Paré, Injective Objects in Topoi I: Representing coalgebras as algebras , pp.196-206 in LNM 719 Springer Heidelberg 1979.

Discussion of injective objects (types) in homotopy type theory:

• Martín Escardó, Injectives types in univalent mathematics (arXiv:1903.01211)

For a detailed discussion of internal notions of injectivity see

• Roswitha Harting, Locally injective abelian groups in a topos, Communications in Algebra 11 (4), 1983.

For injective toposes in the 2-category of bounded toposes see

• Peter Johnstone, Injective Toposes , pp.284-297 in LNM 871 Springer Heidelberg 1981.

• Peter Johnstone, Sketches of an Elephant vol. 2 , Cambridge UP 2002. (section C4.3, pp.738-745)