nLab h-set

Idea

In homotopy type theory an h-set is a type $X$ – hence a homotopy type – with the special property that any two of its terms $x,y : X$ are equal (equivalent) in an at most essentially unique way, hence that the identity type $(x = y) : Type$ is an h-proposition.

The notion of h-set is an internalization of the notion of 0-truncated object into homotopy type theory, essentially an internalization of the notion of set (or possibly of preset). See below in Relation to internal sets for more on this.

h-Sets can also be regarded as a way of embedding extensional type theory into intensional type theory.

Definition

Let $A$ be a type in dependent type theory with dependent sums, dependent products, and identity types. We define a new type $isSet(A)$ as follows:

$$isSet(A) \coloneqq \prod_{x\colon A} \prod_{y\colon A} isProp(\mathrm{Id}_{A}(x, y))$$

(using any equivalent definition of the predicate isProp for h-propositions; and where “$\prod$” denotes dependent product types and “$\mathrm{Id}_A$” denotes identity types on $A$).

In other words, the only relationship between two elements of an h-set is whether they are equal; there is no room for more than one path between them. By beta-reducing this definition, we can express it as

$$isSet(A) \coloneqq \prod_{x,y\colon A} \prod_{p,q\colon \mathrm{Id}_A(x, y)} \mathrm{Id}_{\mathrm{Id}_A(x, y)}(p, q)$$

In other words, any two parallel paths in $A$ are equal.

A provably equivalent definition is

$$isSet(A) \coloneqq \prod_{x\colon A} \prod_{p\colon \mathrm{Id}_A(x, x)} \mathrm{Id}_{\mathrm{Id}_A(x, x)}(p, \mathrm{refl}_A(x))$$

This says that a version of Streicher’s “axiom K” holds for h-sets. (See also at axiom UIP.)

Another definition of a h-set is an $S^1$-local type, a type for which the canonical function $\mathrm{const}_{A, S^1}:A \to (S^1 \to A)$, which takes elements of $A$ to constant functions $S^1 \to A$ from the circle type $S^1$ to $A$, is an equivalence of types:

$$\mathrm{isSet}(A) \coloneqq \prod_{f:S^1 \to A} \sum_{y:\sum_{x:A} \mathrm{Id}_{S^1 \to A}(\mathrm{const}_{A, S^1}(x), f)} \prod_{z:\sum_{x:A} \mathrm{Id}_{S^1 \to A}(\mathrm{const}_{A, S^1}(x), f)} \mathrm{Id}_{\sum_{x:A} \mathrm{Id}_{S^1 \to A}(\mathrm{const}_{A, S^1}(x), f)}(y, z)$$

Examples

• Most (non-higher) inductive types are h-sets (assuming that all their parameters and indices are so). In particular, the type of natural numbers is an h-set. This can be proven from Theorem below.

• In a set-level type theory, all types are h-sets.

• The univalence axiom is the only well-known property that implies that not all types are h-sets. In particular, it implies that the universe type is not an h-set, and that many higher inductive types are not h-sets.

Properties

Equivalent characterizations

There are some equivalent characterizations of a type $A$ being an h-set:

• A type $A$ is an h-set if and only if all its identity types $x=_A y$ have split support, i.e. $\prod_{(x,y:A)} \Vert x=y\Vert \to (x=y)$. This is proven in (KECA).

• More generally, $A$ is an h-set if and only if there is some $R:A\to A\to Prop$ which is reflexive (i.e. $\prod_{(x:A)} R(x,x)$) and such that $\prod_{(x,y:A)} R(x,y) \to (x=y)$. This is Theorem 7.2.2 in the HoTT Book.

Hedberg’s theorem

Hedberg's theorem states that

Theorem

Suppose that $A$ is a type with untruncated decidable equality, a type such that for every element $a:A$ and $b:A$, there is an element in the sum type of the identity type $a =_A b$ and the type of functions from $a =_A b$ to the empty type.

$$a:A, b:A \vdash \delta(a, b):(a =_A b) + (a =_A b) \to \emptyset$$

Then $A$ is a h-set.

A proof of this theorem could be found in Hedberg's theorem.

Relation to internal sets

When using homotopy type theory as the ambient foundations, h-sets generally play the role of the sets. When homotopy type theory is the internal logic of some (∞,1)-category, then the h-sets are the “internal sets” in this internal logic. (Not to be confused with the other meaning of internal set.)

Note, though, that this notion of “internal set” is of a different sort from the usual notions of internal category or internal groupoid. If an internal set is an h-set, then an “internal groupoid” should mean a 1-truncated type, whereas an internal groupoid usually means some kind of groupoid object in an (∞,1)-category. Conversely, the usual meaning of “internal groupoid” suggests that the meaning of “internal set” should be something more like a setoid, with the h-sets being more like presets. This latter meaning is how “sets” are more often defined by constructive type theorists.

The point is that to be worthy of the name “set”, a notion ought to come with “quotients of equivalence relations”. If we start with a notion which does not have quotients, such as the types in ordinary Martin-Löf dependent type theory, then in order to get a good notion of “set” we need to “freely add quotients”, which semantically means passing to the exact completion whose objects are setoids. But if we start with a notion that does have quotients, then this is unnecessary. In homotopy type theory, h-sets do have quotients, which can be constructed using higher inductive types; thus it makes sense to call them “sets” rather than “presets”.

A good way to reconcile these seemingly clashing terminologies is to talk about exact completions of unary sites or (∞,1)-sites. The presence of a Grothendieck topology allows us to “remember” to what extent our given notion has well-behaved quotients: if we have no quotients, then we use the trivial topology, whereas if we have quotients, we can use the regular topology. And the exact completion builds in quotients “freely” but preserving those which the topology asserts to already exist. In particular, if we start with quotients (an exact category or $(\infty,1)$-category), then the exact completion of the regular topology is idempotent, whereas if we start with a trivial topology, then the exact completion gives a category of setoids. Thus, in general, the good notion of “internal set” in a unary site is “object of the exact completion”.

Pretopos of hsets

The h-sets in HoTT form a ΠW-pretopos (Rijke-Spitters 13). See also at structural set theory.

Related concepts

homotopy level	n-truncation	homotopy theory	higher category theory	higher topos theory	homotopy type theory
h-level 0	(-2)-truncated	contractible space	(-2)-groupoid		true/​unit type/​contractible type
h-level 1	(-1)-truncated	contractible-if-inhabited	(-1)-groupoid/​truth value	(0,1)-sheaf/​ideal	mere proposition/​h-proposition
h-level 2	0-truncated	homotopy 0-type	0-groupoid/​set	sheaf	h-set
h-level 3	1-truncated	homotopy 1-type	1-groupoid/​groupoid	(2,1)-sheaf/​stack	h-groupoid
h-level 4	2-truncated	homotopy 2-type	2-groupoid	(3,1)-sheaf/​2-stack	h-2-groupoid
h-level 5	3-truncated	homotopy 3-type	3-groupoid	(4,1)-sheaf/​3-stack	h-3-groupoid
h-level $n+2$	$n$-truncated	homotopy n-type	n-groupoid	(n+1,1)-sheaf/​n-stack	h-$n$-groupoid
h-level $\infty$	untruncated	homotopy type	∞-groupoid	(∞,1)-sheaf/​∞-stack	h-$\infty$-groupoid

computational trinitarianism =
propositions as types +programs as proofs +relation type theory/category theory

logic	set theory (internal logic of)	category theory	type theory
proposition	set	object	type
predicate	family of sets	display morphism	dependent type
proof	element	generalized element	term/program
cut rule		composition of classifying morphisms / pullback of display maps	substitution
introduction rule for implication		counit for hom-tensor adjunction	lambda
elimination rule for implication		unit for hom-tensor adjunction	application
cut elimination for implication		one of the zigzag identities for hom-tensor adjunction	beta reduction
identity elimination for implication		the other zigzag identity for hom-tensor adjunction	eta conversion
true	singleton	terminal object/(-2)-truncated object	h-level 0-type/unit type
false	empty set	initial object	empty type
proposition, truth value	subsingleton	subterminal object/(-1)-truncated object	h-proposition, mere proposition
logical conjunction	cartesian product	product	product type
disjunction	disjoint union (support of)	coproduct ((-1)-truncation of)	sum type (bracket type of)
implication	function set (into subsingleton)	internal hom (into subterminal object)	function type (into h-proposition)
negation	function set into empty set	internal hom into initial object	function type into empty type
universal quantification	indexed cartesian product (of family of subsingletons)	dependent product (of family of subterminal objects)	dependent product type (of family of h-propositions)
existential quantification	indexed disjoint union (support of)	dependent sum ((-1)-truncation of)	dependent sum type (bracket type of)
logical equivalence	bijection set	object of isomorphisms	equivalence type
	support set	support object/(-1)-truncation	propositional truncation/bracket type
		n-image of morphism into terminal object/n-truncation	n-truncation modality
equality	diagonal function/diagonal subset/diagonal relation	path space object	identity type/path type
completely presented set	set	discrete object/0-truncated object	h-level 2-type/set/h-set
set	set with equivalence relation	internal 0-groupoid	Bishop set/setoid with its pseudo-equivalence relation an actual equivalence relation
	equivalence class/quotient set	quotient	quotient type
induction		colimit	inductive type, W-type, M-type
higher induction		higher colimit	higher inductive type
-		0-truncated higher colimit	quotient inductive type
coinduction		limit	coinductive type
	preset		type without identity types
	set of truth values	subobject classifier	type of propositions
domain of discourse	universe	object classifier	type universe
modality		closure operator, (idempotent) monad	modal type theory, monad (in computer science)
linear logic		(symmetric, closed) monoidal category	linear type theory/quantum computation
proof net		string diagram	quantum circuit
(absence of) contraction rule		(absence of) diagonal	no-cloning theorem
		synthetic mathematics	domain specific embedded programming language

References

• Michael Hedberg, A coherence theorem for Martin-Löf’s type theory, J. Functional Programming, (1998)

• Nicolai Kraus, A direct proof of Hedberg’s theorem, blog post

• Nicolai Kraus, Martin Escardo, Thierry Coquand , Thorsten Altenkirch, Generalizations of Hedberg’s theorem, in M. Hasegawa (Ed.): TLCA 2013, LNCS 7941, pp. 173-188. Springer, Heidelberg 2013. (pdf)

Formalization of set theory via h-sets in homotopy type theory (see at Set in homotopy type theory)

• Egbert Rijke, Bas Spitters, Sets in homotopy type theory, Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, Volume 25, Issue 5 (From type theory and homotopy theory to Univalent Foundations of Mathematics) (arXiv:1305.3835)

which became one chapter in

• Univalent Foundations Project, Homotopy Type Theory – Univalent Foundations of Mathematics