nLab bracket type

Contents

Context

Type theory

natural deduction metalanguage, practical foundations

  1. type formation rule
  2. term introduction rule
  3. term elimination rule
  4. computation rule

type theory (dependent, intensional, observational type theory, homotopy type theory)

syntax object language

computational trinitarianism =
propositions as types +programs as proofs +relation type theory/category theory

logicset theory (internal logic of)category theorytype theory
propositionsetobjecttype
predicatefamily of setsdisplay morphismdependent type
proofelementgeneralized elementterm/program
cut rulecomposition of classifying morphisms / pullback of display mapssubstitution
introduction rule for implicationcounit for hom-tensor adjunctionlambda
elimination rule for implicationunit for hom-tensor adjunctionapplication
cut elimination for implicationone of the zigzag identities for hom-tensor adjunctionbeta reduction
identity elimination for implicationthe other zigzag identity for hom-tensor adjunctioneta conversion
truesingletonterminal object/(-2)-truncated objecth-level 0-type/unit type
falseempty setinitial objectempty type
proposition, truth valuesubsingletonsubterminal object/(-1)-truncated objecth-proposition, mere proposition
logical conjunctioncartesian productproductproduct type
disjunctiondisjoint union (support of)coproduct ((-1)-truncation of)sum type (bracket type of)
implicationfunction set (into subsingleton)internal hom (into subterminal object)function type (into h-proposition)
negationfunction set into empty setinternal hom into initial objectfunction type into empty type
universal quantificationindexed cartesian product (of family of subsingletons)dependent product (of family of subterminal objects)dependent product type (of family of h-propositions)
existential quantificationindexed disjoint union (support of)dependent sum ((-1)-truncation of)dependent sum type (bracket type of)
logical equivalencebijection setobject of isomorphismsequivalence type
support setsupport object/(-1)-truncationpropositional truncation/bracket type
n-image of morphism into terminal object/n-truncationn-truncation modality
equalitydiagonal function/diagonal subset/diagonal relationpath space objectidentity type/path type
completely presented setsetdiscrete object/0-truncated objecth-level 2-type/set/h-set
setset with equivalence relationinternal 0-groupoidBishop set/setoid with its pseudo-equivalence relation an actual equivalence relation
equivalence class/quotient setquotientquotient type
inductioncolimitinductive type, W-type, M-type
higher inductionhigher colimithigher inductive type
-0-truncated higher colimitquotient inductive type
coinductionlimitcoinductive type
presettype without identity types
set of truth valuessubobject classifiertype of propositions
domain of discourseuniverseobject classifiertype universe
modalityclosure operator, (idempotent) monadmodal type theory, monad (in computer science)
linear logic(symmetric, closed) monoidal categorylinear type theory/quantum computation
proof netstring diagramquantum circuit
(absence of) contraction rule(absence of) diagonalno-cloning theorem
synthetic mathematicsdomain specific embedded programming language

homotopy levels

semantics

Contents

Idea

There are various different paradigms for the interpretation of predicate logic in type theory. In “logic-enriched type theory”, there is a separate class of “propositions” from the class of “types”. But we can also identify propositions with particular types. In the propositions as types-paradigm, every proposition is a type, and also every type is identified with a proposition (the proposition that it is an inhabited type).

By contrast, in the paradigm that may be called propositions as some types, every proposition is a type, but not every type is a proposition. The types which are propositions are generally those which “have at most one inhabitant” — in homotopy type theory this is called being of h-level 1 or being a (-1)-type. This paradigm is often used in the categorical semantics of type theory, such as the internal logic of various kinds of categories.

Under “propositions as types”, all type-theoretic operations represent corresponding logical operations (dependent sum is the existential quantifier, dependent product the universal quantifier, and so on). However, under “propositions as some types”, not every such operation preserves the class of propositions; this is particularly the case for dependent sum and disjunction(or). Thus, in order to obtain the correct logical operations, we need to reflect these constructions back into propositions somehow, finding the “underlying proposition”, corresponding to the (-1)-truncation/h-level 1-projection. This operation in type theory is called the bracket type (when denoted [A][A]); in homotopy type theory it can be identified with the higher inductive type isInhabisInhab.

Definition

In homotopy type theory

In homotopy type theory, the propositional truncation of a type AA is defined as the higher inductive type generated by the two constructors

isinhab:A[A]isinhab\colon A \to [A]
proptrunc: x:A y:Aisinhab(x)= [A]isinhab(y)proptrunc \colon \prod_{x:A} \prod_{y:A} isinhab(x) =_{[A]} isinhab(y)

More generally

In any dependent type theory with identity types, given type AA, the support of AA denoted supp(A)supp(A) or isInhab(A)isInhab(A) or τ 1A\tau_{-1} A or A 1\| A \|_{-1} or A\| A \| or, lastly, [A][A], is the higher inductive type defined by the two constructors

a:Aisinhab(a):supp(A) a \colon A \;\vdash \; isinhab(a) \colon supp(A)
x:supp(A),y:supp(A)inpath(x,y):(x=y), x \colon supp(A) \;,\; y \colon supp(A) \;\vdash \; inpath(x,y) \colon (x = y) \,,

where in the last sequent on the right we have the identity type. (Voevodsky, HoTTLibrary)

This says that supp(A)supp(A) is the type which is universal with the property that the terms of AA map to it and that any two term of AA become equivalent in supp(A)supp(A).

In Agda syntax this is

data isinhab {i : Level} (A : Set i) : Set i where
  inhab : A → isinhab A
  inhab-path : (x y : isinhab A) → x ≡ y

The recursion principle for supp(A)supp(A) says that if BB is a mere proposition and we have f:ABf: A \to B, then there is an induced g:supp(A)Bg : supp(A) \to B such that g(isinhab(a))f(a)g(isinhab(a)) \equiv f(a) for all a:Aa:A. In other words, any mere proposition which follows from (the inhabitedness of) AA already follows from supp(A)supp(A). Thus, supp(A)supp(A), as a mere proposition, contains no more information than the inhabitedness of AA.

With a type of all propositions

Suppose the dependent type theory has a univalent type of all propositions (Prop,El)(\mathrm{Prop}, \mathrm{El}). Then the bracket type of AA could be defined as the type

[A] P:Prop(AEl(P))El(P)[A] \coloneqq \prod_{P:\mathrm{Prop}} (A \to \mathrm{El}(P)) \to \mathrm{El}(P)

As localization

Let 𝟙\mathbb{1} be the unit type and let 𝟚\mathbb{2} be the two-valued type. The bracket type of a type AA is the localization of AA at the unique function 𝟚𝟙\mathbb{2} \to \mathbb{1}.

[A]L 𝟚(A)\left[A\right] \coloneqq L_\mathbb{2}(A)

By definition, the type of functions (𝟙[A])(𝟚[A])(\mathbb{1} \to \left[A\right]) \to (\mathbb{2} \to \left[A\right]) is an equivalence of types.

This is the special case of the n-truncation modality as the n-truncation modality is localization at the unique map from the (n+1)(n + 1)-dimensional sphere type to the unit type, and 𝟚\mathbb{2} is the zero-dimensional sphere type.

For more see at n-truncation modality.

Semantics

One presentation of the internal type theory of regular categories consists of dependent type theory with the unit type, strong extensional equality types?, strong dependent sums, and bracket types. (The internal logic of a regular category can alternatively be presented as a logic-enriched type theory?.)

The semantics of bracket types in a regular category CC is as follows.

A dependent type (a type in context XX)

x:XA(x):Typex\colon X \vdash A(x) \colon Type

is interpreted in CC as an arbitrary morphism

A X. \array{ A \\ \downarrow \\ X } \,.

The corresponding bracket type

x:X[A(x)]:Type x\colon X \vdash [A(x)] \colon Type

is interpreted then as the image-factorization

A [A] :=im(AX) X. \array{ A &&\to&& [A] & := im(A \to X) \\ & \searrow && \swarrow \\ && X \,. }

Therefore [A]X[A] \to X is a monomorphism, and hence the interpretation of a proposition about the elements of XX.

homotopy leveln-truncationhomotopy theoryhigher category theoryhigher topos theoryhomotopy type theory
h-level 0(-2)-truncatedcontractible space(-2)-groupoidtrue/​unit type/​contractible type
h-level 1(-1)-truncatedcontractible-if-inhabited(-1)-groupoid/​truth value(0,1)-sheaf/​idealmere proposition/​h-proposition
h-level 20-truncatedhomotopy 0-type0-groupoid/​setsheafh-set
h-level 31-truncatedhomotopy 1-type1-groupoid/​groupoid(2,1)-sheaf/​stackh-groupoid
h-level 42-truncatedhomotopy 2-type2-groupoid(3,1)-sheaf/​2-stackh-2-groupoid
h-level 53-truncatedhomotopy 3-type3-groupoid(4,1)-sheaf/​3-stackh-3-groupoid
h-level n+2n+2nn-truncatedhomotopy n-typen-groupoid(n+1,1)-sheaf/​n-stackh-nn-groupoid
h-level \inftyuntruncatedhomotopy type∞-groupoid(∞,1)-sheaf/​∞-stackh-\infty-groupoid

References

The original articles are

  • M.E. Maietti, The Type Theory of Categorical Universes PhD thesis, Università Degli Studi di Padova, 1998

(which speaks of “mono types”) and

Discussion in the context of homotopy type theory:

Exposition:

Formalization:

Discussion in the more general context of n n -truncations:

More on the universal property of propositional truncation:

For n-truncations as localizations at sphere types, see:

Last revised on March 10, 2023 at 20:08:12. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.