topology (point-set topology, point-free topology)
see also differential topology, algebraic topology, functional analysis and topological homotopy theory
Basic concepts
fiber space, space attachment
Extra stuff, structure, properties
Kolmogorov space, Hausdorff space, regular space, normal space
sequentially compact, countably compact, locally compact, sigma-compact, paracompact, countably paracompact, strongly compact
Examples
Basic statements
closed subspaces of compact Hausdorff spaces are equivalently compact subspaces
open subspaces of compact Hausdorff spaces are locally compact
compact spaces equivalently have converging subnet of every net
continuous metric space valued function on compact metric space is uniformly continuous
paracompact Hausdorff spaces equivalently admit subordinate partitions of unity
injective proper maps to locally compact spaces are equivalently the closed embeddings
locally compact and second-countable spaces are sigma-compact
Theorems
Analysis Theorems
A (topological) space whose only connected subspaces are singletons is called totally disconnected.
Discrete spaces are totally disconnected.
(the rational numbers are totally disconnected)
The rational numbers equipped with their subspace topology inherited from the Euclidean metric topology on the real numbers, form a totally disconnected space.
By construction, a base for the topology is given by the open subsets which are restrictions of open intervals of real numbers to the rational numbers
for .
Now for any such there exists an irrational number with . This being irrational implies that and are disjoint subsets. Therefore every basic open subset is the disjoint union of (at least) two open subsets:
Hence no inhabited open subspace of the rational numbers is connected.
A product in of totally disconnected spaces is totally disconnected. A subspace of a totally disconnected space is totally disconnected. Hence limits in of diagrams of totally disconnected spaces are totally disconnected.
For example, the Baire space of irrational numbers is homeomorphic to a countable product space (via continued fractions), so it is totally disconnected. Similarly, Cantor space is totally disconnected. Another notable special case of the preceding class of examples is the following.
Every profinite group is totally disconnected and in particular the set of p-adic numbers is totally disconnected.
See also Stone space.
The general class of examples in Example may be seen in the following light.
The category of totally disconnected spaces and continuous maps is a reflective subcategory of Top.
The reflector takes a space to the space of connected components, i.e., the quotient space of where -equivalence classes are precisely the connected components of . We check that connected components of are singletons. Let be the quotient map; it suffices to check that is connected (because then is contained in a single -equivalence class, making a single point). So, suppose the (closed) set is a disjoint union of closed sets ; we are required to show one or the other is empty. For each , the inverse image is connected, hence we must have or . Thus we can partition into sets
and we observe and . By definition of quotient topology, since are closed we infer are closed. They are also disjoint and , so by connectedness of either or , and therefore or is empty, as required.
Finally, given a continuous map with totally disconnected, each connected component of is mapped to a connected set of which is a singleton by total disconnectedness of , and so we get a (unique) factoring through a map , continuous of course by virtue of the quotient topology. This completes the proof.
Last revised on June 20, 2021 at 08:52:13. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.