Contents

# Contents

This page will collect some technical material concerning colimits of normal spaces as computed in Top. Here “normal” means $T_4$, i.e., we assume as part of normality that points are closed.

In particular it shows that CW-complexes are normal spaces (theorem below).

A basic technique is the exploitation of the Tietze extension condition which characterizes normal spaces. Similar techniques may be used to prove a parallel set of results for paracompact spaces; see colimits of paracompact spaces.

## Basic results

We start with some easy but useful results, using only our “bare hands” (i.e., using the definition of normality and applying simple reasoning).

The first very easy observation is that normal spaces are closed under coproducts in Top (so-called “disjoint union spaces”). The proof may be safely left to the reader.

There is no hope that normal spaces are closed under coequalizers or pushouts. A first example that comes to mind is the line with double origin, which is the topological pushout of the diagram

$\mathbb{R} \leftarrow \mathbb{R} \setminus \{0\} \to \mathbb{R}$

where both maps are the inclusion map. This space isn’t even Hausdorff, as every neighborhood of the point $0_1$ (the image of the origin under the first pushout coprojection) intersects every neighborhood of the point $0_2$ (the image of the origin under the second coprojection).

However, there are reasonable conditions under which pushouts will be normal. (Throughout we assume all spaces are $T_1$, i.e., that singletons are closed (here), so that “normal” means $T_4$).

###### Proposition

Let $X$ be normal, and suppose $q: X \to Y$ in $Top$ is a closed surjection. Then $Y$ is normal.

###### Proof

First we claim singletons of $Y$ are closed: for each $y \in Y$ there exists $x \in X$ such that $y = q(x)$. Since $\{x\}$ is closed in $X$ and $q$ is closed, $\{y\} = q(\{x\})$ is closed in $Y$.

Let $C, D$ be disjoint closed sets of $Y$, so that $\neg C, \neg D$ form an open cover of $Y$. Then $A = q^{-1}(\neg C), B = q^{-1}(\neg D)$ form an open cover of $X$. Normality of $X$ (in “De Morganized” form) implies there are closed subsets $E \subseteq A, F \subseteq B$ which together also cover $X$. Then $Y = q(X) = q(E \cup F) = q(E) \cup q(F)$, so the closed sets $q(E), q(F)$ cover $Y$. And we have $q(E) \subseteq q(A) = \neg C$ and similarly $q(F) \subseteq \neg D$, which is equivalent to $C \subseteq \neg q(E)$ and $D \subseteq \neg q(F)$, where $\neg q(E), \neg q(F)$ are disjoint open sets of $Y$, and we are done.

Here is one way in which such closed surjections arise: we know that compact Hausdorff spaces are normal spaces, and this is an especially nice class because the category of compact Hausdorff spaces is a pretopos. This is the categorical backdrop for the following observation. (We don’t need this lemma in any result below; we include it merely as a handy lemma to have around.)

###### Lemma

Let $X$ be a compact Hausdorff space. Then an equivalence relation $\sim \hookrightarrow X \times X$ is closed as a subset of $X \times X$ iff the quotient map $q: X \to X/\sim$ is a closed map. (In which case $X/\sim$ is compact Hausdorff.)

###### Proof

If $q: X \to X/\sim$ is a closed map, making $X/\sim$ compact Hausdorff, then the diagonal $\Delta \hookrightarrow X\sim \times X/\sim$ is a closed embedding, so that its pullback along $q \times q$

$\array{ \sim & \hookrightarrow & X \times X \\ \downarrow & & \downarrow \mathrlap{q \times q} \\ \Delta & \hookrightarrow & X/{\sim} \times X/{\sim} }$

also defines a closed subset of $X \times X$.

In the other direction, suppose $\sim$ is closed, and let $A \subseteq X$ be a closed subset of $X$. Consider its $\sim$-saturation $\bar{A}$, namely

$\{x \in X: (\exists_{a \in A})\; x\sim a\} = \pi_1((\sim)\cap (X \times A)).$

This is a closed set because the first projection $\pi_1$ is a closed map (by compactness of $X$). Moreover, $\bar{A} = q^{-1}(q(A))$, essentially by definition ($x \in q^{-1}(q(A))$ means $q(x) = q(a)$ for some $a \in A$). Since $q^{-1}(q(A))$ is closed, $q(A)$ is closed by definition of quotient topology.

###### Remark

A closed surjection is a quotient map (a regular epi in Top), and a closed injection is an embedding (a regular mono in $Top$).

###### Lemma

In $Top$, the pushout of a closed embedding along any continuous map is again a closed embedding.

###### Proof

We reproduce the proof given here.

Since $U = \hom(1, -): Top \to Set$ is faithful, we have that monos are reflected by $U$; also monos and pushouts are preserved by $U$ since $U$ has both a left adjoint and a right adjoint. In $Set$, the pushout of a mono along any map is a mono, so we conclude $j$ is monic in $Top$. Furthermore, such a pushout diagram in $Set$ is also a pullback, so that we have the Beck-Chevalley equality $\exists_i \circ f^\ast = g^\ast \exists_j \colon P(C) \to P(B)$ (where $\exists_i \colon P(A) \to P(B)$ is the direct image map between power sets, and $f^\ast: P(C) \to P(A)$ is the inverse image map).

To prove that $j$ is a subspace, let $U \subseteq C$ be any open set. Then there exists open $V \subseteq B$ such that $i^\ast(V) = f^\ast(U)$ because $i$ is a subspace inclusion. If $\chi_U \colon C \to \mathbf{2}$ and $\chi_V \colon B \to \mathbf{2}$ are the maps to Sierpinski space that classify these open sets, then by the universal property of the pushout, there exists a unique continuous map $\chi_W \colon D \to \mathbf{2}$ which extends the pair of maps $\chi_U, \chi_V$. It follows that $j^{-1}(W) = U$, so that $j$ is a subspace inclusion.

If moreover $i$ is an open inclusion, then for any open $U \subseteq C$ we have that $j^\ast(\exists_j(U)) = U$ (since $j$ is monic) and (by Beck-Chevalley) $g^\ast(\exists_j(U)) = \exists_i(f^\ast(U))$ is open in $B$. By the definition of the topology on $D$, it follows that $\exists_j(U)$ is open, so that $j$ is an open inclusion. The same proof, replacing the word “open” with the word “closed” throughout, shows that the pushout of a closed inclusion $i$ is a closed inclusion $j$.

## Tietze characterization

A powerful tool for proving theorems about topological colimits of normal spaces is the characterization of normal spaces via the Tietze extension theorem:

###### Theorem

A space $X$ is normal if and only if, for each closed subset $C \subseteq X$ and map $f: C \to \mathbb{R}$, there is an extension map $g: X \to \mathbb{R}$, i.e., a map whose restriction $g|_C$ coincides with $f$.

###### Remarks
1. There are variations on the theorem in which stronger separation properties (such as perfect normality, or $T_6$) may be reformulated in terms of extension conditions.

2. We remark that the “if” part of the proof is very easy. If $A, B$ are closed disjoint subsets of $X$, then the closed subspace $C = A \cup B$ is the coproduct on $A, B$ in $Top$, and we may define a map $f: A \cup B \to \mathbb{R}$ to be the constant $0$ on $A$ and the constant $1$ on $B$. Let $g: X \to \mathbb{R}$ be any extension of $f$; then $U = g^{-1}(\{x: x \lt 1/3\})$ and $V = g^{-1}(\{x: x \gt 2/3\})$ are separating open sets.

The following is a sample application.

###### Theorem

If $X, Y, Z$ are normal spaces and $h: X \to Z$ is a closed embedding and $f: X \to Y$ is a continuous map, then in the pushout diagram in $Top$

$\array{ X & \stackrel{h}{\to} & Z \\ \mathllap{f} \downarrow & & \downarrow \mathrlap{g} \\ Y & \underset{k}{\to} & W, }$

the space $W$ is normal (and $k: Y \to W$ is a closed embedding, by the preceding Lemma).

###### Proof

By the Tietze characterization, it suffices to show that any map $\phi: C \to \mathbb{R}$ on a closed subspace $C$ of $W$ can be extended to a map $\psi$ on all of $W$. Pulling back $C \hookrightarrow W$ along $k$, we have a closed subspace $k^{-1}(C) \hookrightarrow Y$ and a composite map $k^{-1}(C) \stackrel{k|}{\to} C \stackrel{\phi}{\to} \mathbb{R}$; call it $\alpha: k^{-1}(C) \to \mathbb{R}$. By normality of $Y$, the map $\alpha: k^{-1}(C) \to \mathbb{R}$ extends to a map $\beta: Y \to \mathbb{R}$. We obtain a map $\beta f: X \to \mathbb{R}$.

Similarly, pulling $C \hookrightarrow W$ back along $g$, we have a composite map $g^{-1}(C) \stackrel{g|}{\to} C \stackrel{\phi}{\to} \mathbb{R}$. We may now define a map

$\gamma: h(X) \cup g^{-1}(C) \to \mathbb{R}$

by $\gamma(h(x)) = \beta f(x)$ for $h(x) \in h(X)$, and $\gamma(z) = \phi(g(z))$ for $z \in g^{-1}(C)$. It is not hard to check that $\gamma$ is well-defined (by commutativity of the pullback square) and is continuous (using the fact that $h|: X \to h(X)$ is a homeomorphism, since $h$ is an embedding), and that $h(X) \cup g^{-1}(C)$ is a closed subset of $Z$ (since $h$ is closed). By normality of $Z$, we may extend $\gamma$ to a map $\delta: Z \to \mathbb{R}$, and we have just observed that $\delta h = \beta f$, so the pair $(\beta, \delta): Y + Z \to \mathbb{R}$ induces a unique map $\psi: W \to \mathbb{R}$ such that $\psi k = \beta$ and $\psi g = \delta$. Finally, the restriction of $\psi$ to $C$ is $\phi$, as required.

## Sequences of normal spaces

###### Proposition

If $(i_n: X_n \to X_{n+1})_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ is a countable sequence of closed embeddings between normal spaces, then the colimit $X = colim_n X_n$ is also normal.

###### Proof

Let $A, B$ be disjoint closed subsets of $X$, and for all $n$ put $A_n = X_n \cap A$, $B_n = X_n \cap B$. Working recursively, suppose given disjoint open sets $U_n, V_n$ such that $A_n \subseteq U_n$ and $B_n \subseteq V_n$. Since normality guarantees that we can refine further if necessary, i.e., find an open $O_n$ such that $A_n \subseteq O_n$ and $\widebar{O_n} \subseteq U_n$, we may assume that the closures $\widebar{U_n}$, $\widebar{V_n}$ are disjoint in $X_n$, as are their images in $X_{n+1}$ under the closed embedding $i_n$. The closed sets $i_n(\widebar{U_n}) \cup A_{n+1}$ and $i_n(\widebar{V_n}) \cup B_{n+1}$ are disjoint in $X_{n+1}$:

• $A_{n+1} \cap B_{n+1} = \emptyset$ since $A \cap B = \emptyset$,

• $i_n(\widebar{U_n}) \cap i_n(\widebar{V_n}) = i_n((\widebar{U_n} \cap \widebar{V_n}) = i_n(\emptyset) = \emptyset$ where the direct image operator $i_n(-)$ preserves binary intersections since $i_n$ is monic,

• $i_n(\widebar{U_n}) \cap B_{n+1} = i_n(\widebar{U_n} \cap i_n^{-1}(B_{n+1})) = i_n(\widebar{U_n} \cap B_n) \subseteq i_n((\widebar{U_n} \cap \widebar{V_n}) = \emptyset$ (using Frobenius reciprocity), and similarly,

• $A_{n+1} \cap i_n(\widebar{V_n}) = \emptyset$.

Use normality of $X_{n+1}$ to select disjoint open sets $U_{n+1}, V_{n+1}$ such that $i_n(\widebar{U_n}) \cup A_{n+1} \subseteq U_{n+1}$ and $i_n(\widebar{V_n}) \cup B_{n+1} \subseteq V_{n+1}$, thus completing the recursive construction.

It is clear that $i_n(U_n) \subseteq U_{n+1}$ and the union $U = colim_n U_n$ defines an open set of $X$ (by definition of colimit topology), as does $V = colim_n V_n$. The sets $U, V$ include $A, B$ respectively and are disjoint since any element they have in common must belong to $U_n$ and $V_n$ for sufficiently large $n$, which is impossible. This completes the proof.

###### Remark

An alternative proof using the Tietze characterization is easily given: if $C \subseteq colim_n X_n$ is closed and $f: C \to \mathbb{R}$ is continuous, then putting $C_n = X_n \cap C$ and $f_n = f|_{C_n}$, we define a suitable extension of each $f_n: C_n \to \mathbb{R}$ to a map $g_n: X_n \to \mathbb{R}$ by induction. Supposing at stage $n$ the map $g_n$ is given, we have a well-defined map $h_{n+1}: C_{n+1} \cup i_n(X_n) \to \mathbb{R}$ defined as $f_{n+1}$ on $C_{n+1}$ and as the composite $i_n(X_n) \cong X_n \stackrel{g_n}{\to} \mathbb{R}$ on $i_n(X_n)$. Then using normality of $X_{n+1}$, extend $h_{n+1}$ to a map $g_{n+1}: X_{n+1} \to \mathbb{R}$. Clearly $g_{n+1}$ extends $f_{n+1}$ and we have the compatibility equations $g_n = g_{n+1} i_n$, so the $g_n$ paste together to form a map $g: colim_n X_n \to \mathbb{R}$ which extends $f$.

###### Theorem

A CW-complex is a normal space.

###### Proof

A CW-complex $X$ is formed by an inductive process where the $n$-skeleton $X_n$ is formed as an attachment space formed from normal spaces. That is, we start with the normal space $X_{-1} = \emptyset$, and given the normal space $X_{n-1}$ and an attaching map $f: S_{n-1} = \sum_{i \in I} S_i^{n-1} \to X_{n-1}$, we push out the closed embedding $S_{n-1} = \sum_{i \in I} S_i^{n-1} \hookrightarrow \sum_{i \in I} D_i^n = D_n$ along the attaching map $f$ to get a closed embedding

$i_n: X_{n-1} \to X_n (= X_{n-1} \cup_{S_{n-1}} D_n)$

and deduce $X_n$ is normal by Theorem . Then $X = colim_n X_n$ is normal by applying Proposition .

Last revised on July 20, 2018 at 15:48:55. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.