# nLab infinitesimal neighborhood

Infinitesimal neighbourhoods

### Context

#### Differential geometry

synthetic differential geometry

Introductions

from point-set topology to differentiable manifolds

Differentials

V-manifolds

smooth space

Tangency

The magic algebraic facts

Theorems

Axiomatics

cohesion

• (shape modality $\dashv$ flat modality $\dashv$ sharp modality)

$(ʃ \dashv \flat \dashv \sharp )$

• dR-shape modality$\dashv$ dR-flat modality

$ʃ_{dR} \dashv \flat_{dR}$

• tangent cohesion

• differential cohomology diagram
• differential cohesion

• (reduction modality $\dashv$ infinitesimal shape modality $\dashv$ infinitesimal flat modality)

$(\Re \dashv \Im \dashv \&)$

• fermionic modality$\dashv$ bosonic modality $\dashv$ rheonomy modality

$(\rightrightarrows \dashv \rightsquigarrow \dashv Rh)$

• 

\array{ && id &\dashv& id \ && \vee && \vee \ &\stackrel{fermionic}{}& \rightrightarrows &\dashv& \rightsquigarrow & \stackrel{bosonic}{} \ && \bot && \bot \ &\stackrel{bosonic}{} & \rightsquigarrow &\dashv& Rh & \stackrel{rheonomic}{} \ && \vee && \vee \ &\stackrel{reduced}{} & \Re &\dashv& \Im & \stackrel{infinitesimal}{} \ && \bot && \bot \ &\stackrel{infinitesimal}{}& \Im &\dashv& \& & \stackrel{\text{&#233;tale}}{} \ && \vee && \vee \ &\stackrel{cohesive}{}& &#643; &\dashv& \flat & \stackrel{discrete}{} \ && \bot && \bot \ &\stackrel{discrete}{}& \flat &\dashv& \sharp & \stackrel{continuous}{} \ && \vee && \vee \ && \emptyset &\dashv& \ast }

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Models

Lie theory, ∞-Lie theory

differential equations, variational calculus

Chern-Weil theory, ∞-Chern-Weil theory

Cartan geometry (super, higher)

# Infinitesimal neighbourhoods

## Idea

Der unendlich kleinste Theil des Raumes ist immer ein Raum, etwas, das Continuität hat, nicht aber ein blosser Punct, oder die Grenze zwischen bestimmten Stellen im Raume; (Fichte 1795, Grundriss §4.IV)

An infinitesimal neighbourhood is a neighbourhood with infinitesimal diameter. These can be defined in several setups: nonstandard analysis, synthetic differential geometry, ringed spaces, ….

## Definition

### In differential cohesion

For $\mathbf{H}$ a context of differential cohesion with infinitesimal shape modality $\Im$, then for $x\colon \ast \to X$ a global point in any object $X \in \mathbf{H}$ the infinitesimal disk $\mathbb{D}^X_x \to X$ around that point is the (homotopy) pullback of the unit $i \colon X \to \Im(X)$ of the $\Im$-monad

$\array{ \mathbb{D}^X_x &\longrightarrow& X \\ \downarrow && \downarrow^{\mathrlap{i}} \\ \ast &\stackrel{x}{\longrightarrow}& \Im(X) } \,.$

The collection of all infinitesimal disks forms the infinitesimal disk bundle over $X$.

### In nonstandard analysis

In nonstandard analysis, the monad or halo of a standard point $p$ in a topological space (or even in a Choquet space) is the hyperset of all hyperpoint?s infinitely close to $p$. It is the intersection of all of the standard neighbourhoods of $p$ and is itself a hyper-neighbourhood of $p$, the infinitesimal neighbourhood of $p$.

It is best to avoid the term ‘monad’ for this concept on this wiki, since it has more or less nothing to with the categorial monads that are all over the place here (including elsewhere on this very page).

### For ringed spaces

Consider a morphism $(f,f^\sharp):(Y,\mathcal{O}_Y)\to(X,\mathcal{O}_X)$ of ringed spaces for which the corresponding map $f^\sharp:f^*\mathcal{O}_X\to\mathcal{O}_Y$ of sheaves on $Y$ is surjective. Let $\mathcal{I} = \mathcal{I}_f = Ker\,f^\sharp$, then $\mathcal{O}_Y = f^\sharp(\mathcal{O}_X)/\mathcal{I}_f$. The ring $f^*(\mathcal{O}_Y)$ has the $\mathcal{I}$-preadic filtration which has the associated graded ring $Gr_\bullet =\oplus_{n} \mathcal{I}_f^n/\mathcal{I}^{n+1}_f$ which in degree $1$ gives the conormal sheaf $Gr_1 = \mathcal{I}_f/\mathcal{I}^2_f$ of $f$. The $\mathcal{O}_Y$-augmented ringed space $(Y,f^\sharp(\mathcal{O}_X)/\mathcal{I}^{n+1})$ is called the $n$-th infinitesimal neighborhood of $Y$ along morphism $f$. Its structure sheaf is called the $n$-th normal invariant of $f$.

Examples of sequences of local structures

geometrypointfirst order infinitesimal$\subset$formal = arbitrary order infinitesimal$\subset$local = stalkwise$\subset$finite
$\leftarrow$ differentiationintegration $\to$
smooth functionsderivativeTaylor seriesgermsmooth function
curve (path)tangent vectorjetgerm of curvecurve
smooth spaceinfinitesimal neighbourhoodformal neighbourhoodgerm of a spaceopen neighbourhood
function algebrasquare-0 ring extensionnilpotent ring extension/formal completionring extension
arithmetic geometry$\mathbb{F}_p$ finite field$\mathbb{Z}_p$ p-adic integers$\mathbb{Z}_{(p)}$ localization at (p)$\mathbb{Z}$ integers
Lie theoryLie algebraformal grouplocal Lie groupLie group
symplectic geometryPoisson manifoldformal deformation quantizationlocal strict deformation quantizationstrict deformation quantization

## References

• A. Grothendieck, Éléments de géométrie algébrique (rédigés avec la collaboration de Jean Dieudonné) : IV. Étude locale des schémas et des morphismes de schémas, Quatrième partie, Publications Mathématiques de l’IHÉS 32 (1967), p. 5-361, numdam

Discussion in nonstandard analysis is in

Discussion in differential cohesion is in

Discussion in differentially cohesive homotopy type theory is in

Last revised on June 29, 2017 at 07:14:23. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.