nLab infinitesimal neighborhood

Infinitesimal neighbourhoods

Context

Differential geometry

synthetic differential geometry

Introductions

from point-set topology to differentiable manifolds

geometry of physics: coordinate systems, smooth spaces, manifolds, smooth homotopy types, supergeometry

Differentials

V-manifolds

smooth space

Tangency

The magic algebraic facts

Theorems

Axiomatics

cohesion

infinitesimal cohesion

tangent cohesion

differential cohesion

graded differential cohesion

singular cohesion

id id fermionic bosonic bosonic Rh rheonomic reduced infinitesimal infinitesimal & étale cohesive ʃ discrete discrete continuous * \array{ && id &\dashv& id \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{fermionic}{}& \rightrightarrows &\dashv& \rightsquigarrow & \stackrel{bosonic}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{bosonic}{} & \rightsquigarrow &\dashv& \mathrm{R}\!\!\mathrm{h} & \stackrel{rheonomic}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{reduced}{} & \Re &\dashv& \Im & \stackrel{infinitesimal}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{infinitesimal}{}& \Im &\dashv& \& & \stackrel{\text{étale}}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{cohesive}{}& \esh &\dashv& \flat & \stackrel{discrete}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{discrete}{}& \flat &\dashv& \sharp & \stackrel{continuous}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ && \emptyset &\dashv& \ast }

Models

Lie theory, ∞-Lie theory

differential equations, variational calculus

Chern-Weil theory, ∞-Chern-Weil theory

Cartan geometry (super, higher)

Infinitesimal neighbourhoods

Idea

Der unendlich kleinste Theil des Raumes ist immer ein Raum, etwas, das Continuität hat, nicht aber ein blosser Punct, oder die Grenze zwischen bestimmten Stellen im Raume; (Fichte 1795, Grundriss §4.IV)

An infinitesimal neighbourhood is a neighbourhood with infinitesimal diameter. These can be defined in several setups: nonstandard analysis, synthetic differential geometry, ringed spaces, ….

Definition

In differential cohesion

For H\mathbf{H} a context of differential cohesion with infinitesimal shape modality \Im, then for x:*Xx\colon \ast \to X a global point in any object XHX \in \mathbf{H} the infinitesimal disk 𝔻 x XX\mathbb{D}^X_x \to X around that point is the (homotopy) pullback of the unit i:X(X)i \colon X \to \Im(X) of the \Im-monad

𝔻 x X X i * x (X). \array{ \mathbb{D}^X_x &\longrightarrow& X \\ \downarrow && \downarrow^{\mathrlap{i}} \\ \ast &\stackrel{x}{\longrightarrow}& \Im(X) } \,.

The collection of all infinitesimal disks forms the infinitesimal disk bundle over XX.

In nonstandard analysis

In nonstandard analysis, the monad or halo of a standard point pp in a topological space (or even in a Choquet space) is the hyperset of all hyperpoint?s infinitely close to pp. It is the intersection of all of the standard neighbourhoods of pp and is itself a hyper-neighbourhood of pp, the infinitesimal neighbourhood of pp.

It is best to avoid the term ‘monad’ for this concept on this wiki, since it has more or less nothing to with the categorial monads that are all over the place here (including elsewhere on this very page).

For ringed spaces

Consider a morphism (f,f ):(Y,𝒪 Y)(X,𝒪 X)(f,f^\sharp):(Y,\mathcal{O}_Y)\to(X,\mathcal{O}_X) of ringed spaces for which the corresponding map f :f *𝒪 X𝒪 Yf^\sharp:f^*\mathcal{O}_X\to\mathcal{O}_Y of sheaves on YY is surjective. Let = f=Kerf \mathcal{I} = \mathcal{I}_f = Ker\,f^\sharp, then 𝒪 Y=f (𝒪 X)/ f\mathcal{O}_Y = f^\sharp(\mathcal{O}_X)/\mathcal{I}_f. The ring f *(𝒪 Y)f^*(\mathcal{O}_Y) has the \mathcal{I}-preadic filtration which has the associated graded ring Gr = n f n/ f n+1Gr_\bullet =\oplus_{n} \mathcal{I}_f^n/\mathcal{I}^{n+1}_f which in degree 11 gives the conormal sheaf Gr 1= f/ f 2Gr_1 = \mathcal{I}_f/\mathcal{I}^2_f of ff. The 𝒪 Y\mathcal{O}_Y-augmented ringed space (Y,f (𝒪 X)/ n+1)(Y,f^\sharp(\mathcal{O}_X)/\mathcal{I}^{n+1}) is called the nn-th infinitesimal neighborhood of YY along morphism ff. Its structure sheaf is called the nn-th normal invariant of ff.

Examples of sequences of local structures

geometrypointfirst order infinitesimal\subsetformal = arbitrary order infinitesimal\subsetlocal = stalkwise\subsetfinite
\leftarrow differentiationintegration \to
smooth functionsderivativeTaylor seriesgermsmooth function
curve (path)tangent vectorjetgerm of curvecurve
smooth spaceinfinitesimal neighbourhoodformal neighbourhoodgerm of a spaceopen neighbourhood
function algebrasquare-0 ring extensionnilpotent ring extension/formal completionring extension
arithmetic geometry𝔽 p\mathbb{F}_p finite field p\mathbb{Z}_p p-adic integers (p)\mathbb{Z}_{(p)} localization at (p)\mathbb{Z} integers
Lie theoryLie algebraformal grouplocal Lie groupLie group
symplectic geometryPoisson manifoldformal deformation quantizationlocal strict deformation quantizationstrict deformation quantization

References

In algebraic geometry (via infinitesimal shape modality)

  • A. Grothendieck, Éléments de géométrie algébrique (rédigés avec la collaboration de Jean Dieudonné) : IV. Étude locale des schémas et des morphismes de schémas, Quatrième partie, Publications Mathématiques de l’IHÉS 32 (1967), p. 5-361, numdam

Discussion in nonstandard analysis is in

Discussion in differential cohesion is in

Discussion in differentially cohesive homotopy type theory is in

Last revised on June 29, 2017 at 11:14:23. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.