Contents

# Contents

## Definition

On a local topos/local (∞,1)-topos $\mathbf{H}$, hence equipped with a fully faithful extra right adjoint $coDisc$ to the global section geometric morphism $(Disc \dashv \Gamma)$, is induced an idempotent monad $\sharp \coloneqq coDisc \circ \Gamma$, a modality which we call the sharp modality. This is itself the right adjoint in an adjoint modality with the flat modality $\flat \coloneqq Disc \circ \Gamma$.

### In type theory

We assume a dependent type theory with crisp term judgments $a::A$ in addition to the usual (cohesive) type and term judgments $A \; \mathrm{type}$ and $a:A$, as well as context judgments $\Xi \vert \Gamma \; \mathrm{ctx}$ where $\Xi$ is a list of crisp term judgments, and $\Gamma$ is a list of cohesive term judgments. A crisp type is a type in the context $\Xi \vert ()$, where $()$ is the empty list of cohesive term judgments. In addition, we also assume the dependent type theory has typal equality and judgmental equality.

From here, there are two different notions of the sharp modality which could be defined in the type theory, the strict sharp modality, which uses judgmental equality in the computation rule and uniqueness rule, and the weak sharp modality, which uses typal equality in the computation rule and uniqueness rule. When applied to a type they result in strict sharp types and weak sharp types respectively. The natural deduction rules for strict and weak sharp types are provided as follows:

• Formation rule for weak and strict sharp types:
$\frac{\Xi, \Gamma \vert () \vdash A \; \mathrm{type}}{\Xi \vert \Gamma \vdash \sharp A \; \mathrm{type}}\sharp-\mathrm{form}$
• Introduction rule for weak and strict sharp types:
$\frac{\Xi, \Gamma \vert () \vdash a:A}{\Xi \vert \Gamma \vdash a^\sharp:\sharp A}\sharp-\mathrm{intro}$
• Elimination rule for weak and strict sharp types:
$\frac{\Xi \vert () \vdash a:\sharp A}{\Xi \vert \Gamma \vdash a_\sharp:A}\sharp-\mathrm{elim}$
• Computation rule for weak and strict sharp types respectively:
$\frac{\Xi \vert () \vdash a:A}{\Xi \vert \Gamma \vdash \beta_{\sharp A}(a):(a^\sharp)_\sharp =_A a}\sharp-\mathrm{comp}\mathrm{weak} \qquad \frac{\Xi \vert () \vdash a:A}{\Xi \vert \Gamma \vdash (a^\sharp)_\sharp \equiv a:A}\sharp-\mathrm{comp}\mathrm{strict}$
• Uniqueness rule for weak and strict sharp types respectively:
$\frac{\Xi \vert () \vdash a:\sharp A}{\Xi \vert \Gamma \vdash \eta_{\sharp A}(a):(a_\sharp)^\sharp =_{\sharp A} a}\sharp-\mathrm{uniq}{weak} \qquad \frac{\Xi \vert () \vdash a:\sharp A}{\Xi \vert \Gamma \vdash (a_\sharp)^\sharp \equiv a:\sharp A}\sharp-\mathrm{uniq}\mathrm{strict}$

Weak sharp modalities are primarily used in cohesive objective type theories, while strict sharp modalities are typically used in cohesive type theories with judgmental equality, such as cohesive Martin-Löf type theory (cohesive homotopy type theory or cohesive higher observational type theory.

## Properties

### Relation to discrete and codiscrete objects

cohesion

• (shape modality $\dashv$ flat modality $\dashv$ sharp modality)

$(\esh \dashv \flat \dashv \sharp )$

• dR-shape modality$\dashv$ dR-flat modality

$\esh_{dR} \dashv \flat_{dR}$

tangent cohesion

differential cohesion

singular cohesion

$\array{ && id &\dashv& id \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{fermionic}{}& \rightrightarrows &\dashv& \rightsquigarrow & \stackrel{bosonic}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{bosonic}{} & \rightsquigarrow &\dashv& \mathrm{R}\!\!\mathrm{h} & \stackrel{rheonomic}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{reduced}{} & \Re &\dashv& \Im & \stackrel{infinitesimal}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{infinitesimal}{}& \Im &\dashv& \& & \stackrel{\text{étale}}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{cohesive}{}& \esh &\dashv& \flat & \stackrel{discrete}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{discrete}{}& \flat &\dashv& \sharp & \stackrel{continuous}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ && \emptyset &\dashv& \ast }$

## References

The terminology of the sharp-modality in the above sense was introduced – in the language of $(\infty,1)$-toposes and as part of the axioms on “cohesive $(\infty,1)$-toposes” – in: