nLab geodesic flow

Contents

Context

Riemannian geometry

Differential geometry

synthetic differential geometry

Introductions

from point-set topology to differentiable manifolds

geometry of physics: coordinate systems, smooth spaces, manifolds, smooth homotopy types, supergeometry

Differentials

V-manifolds

smooth space

Tangency

The magic algebraic facts

Theorems

Axiomatics

cohesion

infinitesimal cohesion

tangent cohesion

differential cohesion

graded differential cohesion

singular cohesion

id id fermionic bosonic bosonic Rh rheonomic reduced infinitesimal infinitesimal & étale cohesive ʃ discrete discrete continuous * \array{ && id &\dashv& id \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{fermionic}{}& \rightrightarrows &\dashv& \rightsquigarrow & \stackrel{bosonic}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{bosonic}{} & \rightsquigarrow &\dashv& \mathrm{R}\!\!\mathrm{h} & \stackrel{rheonomic}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{reduced}{} & \Re &\dashv& \Im & \stackrel{infinitesimal}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{infinitesimal}{}& \Im &\dashv& \& & \stackrel{\text{étale}}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{cohesive}{}& \esh &\dashv& \flat & \stackrel{discrete}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{discrete}{}& \flat &\dashv& \sharp & \stackrel{continuous}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ && \emptyset &\dashv& \ast }

Models

Lie theory, ∞-Lie theory

differential equations, variational calculus

Chern-Weil theory, ∞-Chern-Weil theory

Cartan geometry (super, higher)

Contents

Idea

For (X,g)(X,g) a Riemannian manifold and pXp \in X a point, the geodesic flow at pp is the map defined on an open neighbourhood of the origin in (T pX)×(T_p X ) \times \mathbb{R} that sends (v,r)(v,r) to the endpoint of the geodesic that starts with tangent vector vv at pp and has length rr.

(…)

Definition

Let (X,g)(X,g) be a Riemannian manifold

Definition

(…) geodesic flow (…)

The following are some auxiliary definitions that serve to analyse properties of geodesic flow (see Properties).

For pXp \in X a point and rr \in \mathbb{R} a positive real number, we write

B p(r)={xX|d(p,x)<r}={exp(v):T pXX||v|<r}X B_p(r) = \{x \in X | d(p,x) \lt r\} = \{ \exp( v) : T_p X \to X | |v| \lt r \} \subset X

for set of points which are of distance less than rr away from pp. As the propositions below assert, for small enough rr this is diffeomorphic to an open ball and we speak of metric balls or geodesic balls .

Definition

For pPp \in P a point, the injectivity radius inj pinj_p \in \mathbb{R} is the supremum over all values of rr \in \mathbb{R} such that the geodesic flow starting at pp with radius rr exp():B r(T pX)X\exp(-) : B_r(T_p X) \to X is a diffeomorphism onto its image.

The injectivity radius of (X,g)(X,g) is the infimum of the injectivity radii at each point.

Properties

Properties of the injectivity radius

Proposition

The injectivity radius is

  • either equal to half the length of the smalled periodic geodesic,

  • or equal to the smallest distance between two conjugate points.

This appears for instance as scholium 91 in (Berger).

Lower bounds on the injectivity radius

There are several lower boundas on the injectivity radius of a Riemannian manifold.

Proposition

The convexity radius is always less than or equal to half of the injectivity radius:

conv(X,g)12inj(X,g). conv (X,g) \leq \frac{1}{2} inj(X,g) \,.

This appears for instance as proposition IX.6.1 in Chavel, where it is attributed to M. Berger (1976). In (Berger) it is proposition 95.

Let RR be the Riemann curvature tensor of gg. For pXp \in X the sectional curvature of a plane spanned by vectors v,wT pXv,w \in T_p X is

K(v,w):=R(v,w,v,w)g(v,v)g(w,w)g(v,w) 2. K(v,w) := \frac{R(v,w,v,w)}{g(v,v)g(w,w) - g(v,w)^2} \,.

Say that (X,g)(X,g) is complete if, equivalently,

  • with the distance function XX is a complete metric space;

  • (X,g)(X,g) is geodesically complete in that for all vT pXv \in T_p X the flow texp p(tv)t \mapsto \exp_p(t v) exists for all tt \in \mathbb{R}.

Theorem

Let (X,g)(X,g) be complete and such that

  1. the absolute value of the sectional curvature at all points is bounded from above;

  2. the volume of the geodesic unit ball at all points is bounded from below.

Then the injectivity radius is positive.

This is due to (CheegerGromovTaylor). A survey is in (Grant).

Theorem

Every paracompact manifold admits a complete Riemannian metric with

  • bounded absolute sectional curvature;

  • positive convexity radius

  • and hence with positive injectivity radius.

This is shown in (Greene).

References

  • Gabriel Paternein, Geodesic flows Birkhäuser (1999)

The following is literature on injectivity radius estimates

A general exposition is in sectin 6 “Injectivity, Convexity radius and cut locuss” of

  • Marcel Berger, A panoramic view of Riemannian geometry

Also section IX of

  • Isaac Chavel, Riemannian geometry: a modern introduction

A survey of the main estimates is in

  • James Grant, Injectivity radius estimates (pdf)

The main theorem is due to

  • Jeff Cheeger, M. Gromov, and M. Taylor, Finite propagation speed, kernel estimates for functions of the Laplace operator, and the geometry of complete Riemannian manifolds , J. Differential Geom., 17 (1982), pp. 15–53.

Older results on compact manifolds are in

  • Jeff Cheeger, Finiteness theorems for Riemannian manifolds .

The existence of metrics with all the required propertiers for the injectivity estimates (completeness, bounded absolute sectional curvature) on paracompact manifolds is shown in

  • R. Greene, Complete metrics of bounded curvature on noncompact manifolds Archiv der Mathematik Volume 31, Number 1 (1978)

More discussion of construction of Riemannian manifolds with bounds on curvature and volume is in

  • John Lott, Zhongmin Chen, Manifolds with quadratic curvature decay and slow volume growth (pdf)

Analogous results for Lorentzian manifolds are discussed in

  • Bing-Long Chen, Philippe G. LeFloch, Injectivity Radius of Lorentzian Manifolds (pdf)

Last revised on October 13, 2010 at 06:33:22. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.