topology (point-set topology, point-free topology)
see also differential topology, algebraic topology, functional analysis and topological homotopy theory
Basic concepts
fiber space, space attachment
Extra stuff, structure, properties
Kolmogorov space, Hausdorff space, regular space, normal space
sequentially compact, countably compact, locally compact, sigma-compact, paracompact, countably paracompact, strongly compact
Examples
Basic statements
closed subspaces of compact Hausdorff spaces are equivalently compact subspaces
open subspaces of compact Hausdorff spaces are locally compact
compact spaces equivalently have converging subnet of every net
continuous metric space valued function on compact metric space is uniformly continuous
paracompact Hausdorff spaces equivalently admit subordinate partitions of unity
injective proper maps to locally compact spaces are equivalently the closed embeddings
locally compact and second-countable spaces are sigma-compact
Theorems
Analysis Theorems
A space (such as a topological space) is second-countable if, in a certain sense, there is only a countable amount of information globally in its topology. (Change ‘globally’ to ‘locally’ to get a first-countable space.)
(second-countable topological space)
A topological space is second-countable if it has a base for its topology consisting of a countable set of subsets.
A locale is second-countable if there is a countable set of open subspaces (elements of the frame of opens) such that every open is a join of some subset of . That is, we have
The weight of a space is the minimum of the cardinalities of the possible bases . We are implicitly using the axiom of choice here, to suppose that this set of cardinalities (which really is a small set because bounded above by the number of open subspaces, and inhabited by this number as well) has a minimum. But without Choice, we can still consider this collection of cardinalities.
Then a second-countable space is simply one with a countable weight.
(Euclidean space is second-countable)
Let . Consider the Euclidean space with its Euclidean metric topology. Then is second countable.
A countable set of base open subsets is given by the open balls of rational radius and centered at points with rational coordinates: .
A compact metric space is second-countable.
A separable metric space, e.g., a Polish space, is second-countable.
It is not true that separable first-countable spaces are second-countable; a counterexample is the real line equipped with the half-open or lower limit topology that has as basis the collection of half-open intervals .
A Hausdorff locally Euclidean space is second-countable precisely it is paracompact and has a countable set of connected components. In this case it is called a topological manifold.
See at topological space this prop..
A countable coproduct (disjoint union space) of second-countable spaces is second-countable.
Countable products (product topological spaces) of second-countable spaces are second-countable.
Subspaces of second-countable spaces are second-countable.
If is second-countable and there is an open surjection , then is second-countable.
For second-countable T_3 spaces , if is locally compact, then the mapping space with the compact-open topology is second-countable.
Cf. Urysohn metrization theorem and Polish space. I (Todd Trimble) am uncertain to what extent the assumption can be removed.
Axioms: axiom of choice (AC), countable choice (CC).
second-countable: there is a countable base of the topology.
metrisable: the topology is induced by a metric.
-locally discrete base: the topology of is generated by a -locally discrete base.
-locally finite base: the topology of is generated by a countably locally finite base.
Lindelöf: every open cover has a countable sub-cover.
weakly Lindelöf: every open cover has a countable subcollection the union of which is dense.
metacompact: every open cover has a point-finite open refinement.
countable chain condition: A family of pairwise disjoint open subsets is at most countable.
first-countable: every point has a countable neighborhood base
Frechet-Uryson space: the closure of a set consists precisely of all limit points of sequences in
sequential topological space: a set is closed if it contains all limit points of sequences in
countably tight: for each subset and each point there is a countable subset such that .
a second-countable space has a -locally finite base: take the the collection of singeltons of all elements of a countable cover of .
second-countable spaces are separable: use the axiom of countable choice to choose a point in each set of a countable cover.
weakly Lindelöf spaces with countably locally finite base are second countable.
separable spaces satisfy the countable chain condition: given a dense set and a family , the map assigning to the unique with is surjective.
separable spaces are weakly Lindelöf: given a countable dense subset and an open cover choose for each point of the subset an open from the cover.
Lindelöf spaces are trivially also weakly Lindelöf.
a space with a -locally finite base is first countable: obviously, every point is contained in at most countably many sets of a -locally finite base.
a first-countable space is obviously Fréchet-Urysohn.
a Fréchet-Uryson space is obviously sequential.
a sequential space is obviously countably tight.
paracompact spaces satisfying the countable chain condition are Lindelöf.
Last revised on June 1, 2024 at 01:02:54. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.