topology (point-set topology, point-free topology)
see also differential topology, algebraic topology, functional analysis and topological homotopy theory
Basic concepts
fiber space, space attachment
Extra stuff, structure, properties
Kolmogorov space, Hausdorff space, regular space, normal space
sequentially compact, countably compact, locally compact, sigma-compact, paracompact, countably paracompact, strongly compact
Examples
Basic statements
closed subspaces of compact Hausdorff spaces are equivalently compact subspaces
open subspaces of compact Hausdorff spaces are locally compact
compact spaces equivalently have converging subnet of every net
continuous metric space valued function on compact metric space is uniformly continuous
paracompact Hausdorff spaces equivalently admit subordinate partitions of unity
injective proper maps to locally compact spaces are equivalently the closed embeddings
locally compact and second-countable spaces are sigma-compact
Theorems
Analysis Theorems
A topological space is sequential if (in a certain sense) you can do topology in it using only sequences instead of more general nets.
Sequential spaces are a kind of nice topological space.
A sequential topological space is a topological space such that a subset of is closed if (hence iff) it contains all the limit points of all sequences of points of —or equivalently, such that is open if (hence iff) any sequence converging to a point of must eventually be in .
Equivalently, a topological space is sequential iff it is a quotient space (in ) of a metric space.
The category of sequential spaces is a coreflective subcategory of the category of all topological spaces.
The category of sequential spaces is a reflective subcategory of the category of subsequential spaces, much as itself is a reflective subcategory of the category of all pseudotopological spaces.
The category of sequential spaces is cartesian closed. See also convenient category of topological spaces.
The category of sequential spaces embeds fully faithfully into the category of light condensed sets (Clausen-Scholze 2023, see timestamp 9:00)
Everything above assumes excluded middle (and probably at least countable choice). Without that, it's hard to prove the existence of any nontrivial sequential spaces.
For example, to prove that the real line is sequential as a topological space, we must find, given a set and a point such that every sequence converging to is eventually in , a positive real number such that , and it's not clear how to construct that number from the data at hand. (One might consider various specific sequences that converge to , such as and , and use them to find upper bounds on ; but no finite set of sequences will give an entire interval around , and proving that an infinite set of sequences that does cover an entire interval has a uniform positive upper bound on is very tricky.)
The usual proof that the real line (or any first-countable topological space) is sequential uses excluded middle and countable choice: Supposing that is not open, consider such that , pick for each (or for each of the countably many basic neighbourhoods of in a general first-countable space) a point such that (or such that ) but (which must exist since none of these balls/neighbourhoods are contained in ), note that , and get a contradiction.
For this reason, constructive analysis often requires the use of general nets (or filters) in situations where classical analysis can get by with sequences. (It is trivially true, in any topological space, that a set is open if every net that converges to an element of belongs eventually to , or equivalently that belongs to any filter that converges to ; you just use the neighbourhood filter of .)
Axioms: axiom of choice (AC), countable choice (CC).
second-countable: there is a countable base of the topology.
metrisable: the topology is induced by a metric.
-locally discrete base: the topology of is generated by a -locally discrete base.
-locally finite base: the topology of is generated by a countably locally finite base.
Lindelöf: every open cover has a countable sub-cover.
weakly Lindelöf: every open cover has a countable subcollection the union of which is dense.
metacompact: every open cover has a point-finite open refinement.
countable chain condition: A family of pairwise disjoint open subsets is at most countable.
first-countable: every point has a countable neighborhood base
Frechet-Uryson space: the closure of a set consists precisely of all limit points of sequences in
sequential topological space: a set is closed if it contains all limit points of sequences in
countably tight: for each subset and each point there is a countable subset such that .
a second-countable space has a -locally finite base: take the the collection of singeltons of all elements of a countable cover of .
second-countable spaces are separable: use the axiom of countable choice to choose a point in each set of a countable cover.
weakly Lindelöf spaces with countably locally finite base are second countable.
separable spaces satisfy the countable chain condition: given a dense set and a family , the map assigning to the unique with is surjective.
separable spaces are weakly Lindelöf: given a countable dense subset and an open cover choose for each point of the subset an open from the cover.
Lindelöf spaces are trivially also weakly Lindelöf.
a space with a -locally finite base is first countable: obviously, every point is contained in at most countably many sets of a -locally finite base.
a first-countable space is obviously Fréchet-Urysohn.
a Fréchet-Uryson space is obviously sequential.
a sequential space is obviously countably tight.
paracompact spaces satisfying the countable chain condition are Lindelöf.
R. Engelking, General topology
Dustin Clausen, Peter Scholze, Analytic Stacks, Lecture 3 YouTube
Last revised on November 21, 2023 at 06:22:16. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.