basic constructions:
strong axioms
further
natural deduction metalanguage, practical foundations
type theory (dependent, intensional, observational type theory, homotopy type theory)
computational trinitarianism =
propositions as types +programs as proofs +relation type theory/category theory
In set theory, a class is a proposition or truth value in the context of a set free variable. In dependent type theory with a type universe , a class is an h-proposition in the context of a free variable .
In set-level dependent type theory with a separate set or type judgment but no type universes, there are no set/type free variables. However, one could nevertheless interpret a class in dependent type theory as a generalized modal operator on sets/types which takes sets to h-propositions by the propositions as some types interpretation. If we use the propositions as types interpretation of dependent type theory, then a class in any dependent type theory is just a generalized modal operator on sets/types. The generalized modal operators here are not required to be either idempotent or monadic.
One could internalize the notion of class inside of the foundations, and this internal notion of class is used to address size issues in foundations, and in particular, are used in category theory for defining various locally small categories and large categories.
There are multiple ways to define a class in different foundations of mathematics. Let us work in natural deduction.
Suppose we are given an unsorted set theory as logic over type theory whose objects are sets. A class is a proposition or truth value in the context of a free variable .
Suppose we are given a simply sorted set theory or dependently sorted set theory as logic over type theory with a sort of sets. A class is a proposition or truth value in the context of a free variable for a set .
Suppose we are given an unsorted set theory as logic over type theory whose objects are “probable sets”, with a predicate saying whether a “probable set” is a set. A class is a proposition or truth value in the context of a free variable and the true proposition .
Suppose we are given a simply sorted set theory or dependently sorted set theory as logic over type theory with a sort of “probable sets” with a predicate on saying whether a term is a set. A class is a proposition or truth value in the context of a free variable for a probable set and the true proposition .
Suppose we are given a dependent type theory with a type universes and a separate type judgment, as well as a type of all propositions . Then a class is a proposition in the context of a type
Suppose we are given a dependent type theory with a type universes and a separate type judgment, and are using the propositions as some types interpretation of dependent type theory. Then a class is a type in the context of a type
with the rule
Suppose we are given a dependent type theory with a type universes and a separate type judgment, and are using the propositions as types interpretation of dependent type theory. Then a class is a type in the context of a type
Suppose we are given a dependent type theory with a sequence of Russell universes but no separate type judgment, and are using the propositions as some types interpretation of dependent type theory. Then a class is an h-proposition in the successor universe in the context of a type
Suppose we are given a dependent type theory with a sequence of Russell universes but no separate type judgment, and are using the propositions as types interpretation of dependent type theory. Then a class is a type in the successor universe in the context of a type
Suppose we are given a dependent type theory with a separate type judgment but no universes. Then a class is a generalized modal operator on the type theory, which isn’t required to be either idempotent or monadic, such that given a type , the type is an h-proposition.
Suppose we are given a dependent type theory with a separate type judgment but no type universes, and are using the propositions as types interpretation of dependent type theory. Then a class is a generalized modal operator on the type theory which isn’t required to be either idempotent or monadic.
In set theory, there is a class for whether the set is an inhabited set. In dependent type theory, the class is the propositional truncation modal operator .
In set theory, there is a class for whether the set is a subsingleton. In dependent type theory, the class is the isProp modal operator .
In set theory, there is a class for whether the set is a singleton. In dependent type theory, the class is the isContr modal operator .
It is possible to internalize the notion of class inside of the foundations itself. Classes are either primitive, such as in class theory, or a derived concept from a notion of universe in the foundations, such as in set theory or type theory. These internal classes are useful to address size issues in foundations, and in particular, are used in category theory for defining various locally small categories and large categories.
There are foundational theories called class theories where classes are primitives, rather than propositions in the context of a free variable . This is similar to dependently sorted allegorical set theories, where relations are primitives, rather than propositions in the context of free variables and .
Material class theory: Classes are primitives of the theory, and sets are defined as specific kinds of classes. Examples include Morse-Kelley class theory and von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel class theory.
Structural class theory: A class is an object of a category of classes, and sets are defined as specific kinds of classes. Examples include category with class structure and the branch of algebraic set theory
There are many notions of universe in set theory, including Grothendieck universes, well-pointed Heyting pretopoi, and well-pointed division allegories.
Let be a universe. Then a class relative to is a subset with a given injection . If one has choice, any subset comes with a given injection via the axiom of choice. Thus, by this definition, it is a injective family of -small sets.
Equivalently, a class relative to is an endofunction such that for all -small sets , is a subsingleton subset.
In dependent type theory, let be a univalent Tarski universe, let be the univalent h-groupoid of -small h-sets, let be the material cumulative hierarchy higher inductive type relative to . Then a class is an endofunction such that for all -small sets , is a -small h-proposition, and a material class is a function such that for all material sets , is a -small h-proposition.
A proper class is a class which is not a set. What a set is differs from foundations to foundations.
What not being a set means depends upon the foundation; in material set theory, one would use the property of not being equal to any sets, while in structural set theory, one would use the property of not being in bijection with any sets.
Given a notion of universe, a proper class relative to is a class relative to which is not a set. If classes are defined as subsets of with an injection into , then a proper class is a class which is not a singleton subset.
In the context of the global axiom of choice, a proper class is a class which can be put in bijection with the class of all ordinals, .
The category of classes is closed under all large colimits and small limits. See the linked article for more information and precise definitions.
Just as an elementary topos is an axiomatization of basic properties of the category Set, a category with class structure is an axiomatization of basic properties of the category . See also algebraic set theory.
For the definition of a material class relative to a universe in homotopy type theory, see section 10.5.3 of:
A paper detailing one approach to the technical side of how classes appear in category theory (namely using Grothendieck universes) is
Last revised on November 19, 2022 at 19:01:51. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.