topology (point-set topology, point-free topology)
see also differential topology, algebraic topology, functional analysis and topological homotopy theory
Basic concepts
fiber space, space attachment
Extra stuff, structure, properties
Kolmogorov space, Hausdorff space, regular space, normal space
sequentially compact, countably compact, locally compact, sigma-compact, paracompact, countably paracompact, strongly compact
Examples
Basic statements
closed subspaces of compact Hausdorff spaces are equivalently compact subspaces
open subspaces of compact Hausdorff spaces are locally compact
compact spaces equivalently have converging subnet of every net
continuous metric space valued function on compact metric space is uniformly continuous
paracompact Hausdorff spaces equivalently admit subordinate partitions of unity
injective proper maps to locally compact spaces are equivalently the closed embeddings
locally compact and second-countable spaces are sigma-compact
Theorems
Analysis Theorems
Complex projective space is the projective space for being the complex numbers (and for ), a complex manifold of complex dimension (real dimension ). Equivalently, this is the complex Grassmannian . For the special case then is the Riemann sphere.
As ranges, there are natural inclusions
The sequential colimit over this sequence is the infinite complex projective space . This is a model for the classifying space of circle principal bundles/complex line bundles (an Eilenberg-MacLane space ).
For , then complex -dimensional complex projective space is the complex manifold (often just regarded as its underlying topological space) defined as the quotient
of the Cartesian product of -copies of the complex plane, with the origin removed, by the equivalence relation
for some and using the canonical multiplicative action of on .
The canonical inclusions
induce canonical inclusions
The sequential colimit over this sequence of inclusions is the infinite complex projective space
The following equivalent characterizations are immediate but useful:
For , we have that complex projective space, def. , is equivalently the complex Grassmannian
For then complex projective space, def. , is equivalently
the coset
the quotient of the (2n+1)-sphere by the circle group
To see the second characterization from def. :
With the standard norm, we have that every element is identified under the defining equivalence relation with
lying on the unit -sphere. This fixes the action of up to a remaining action of complex numbers of unit absolute value. These form the circle group . This shows that we have a commuting diagram of functions of underlying sets of the form
where the top horizontal and the two vertical functions are continuous, and where the bottom function is a bijection. Since the diagonal composite is also continuous, the nature of the quotient space topology implies that the bottom function is also continuous. To see that it is a homeomorphism it hence remains to see that it is an open map (by this prop.).
So let be an open set, which means that is an open set. We need to see that is open, hence that is open. Now by the nature of the Euclidean metric topology, the open subset is a union of open balls in intersected with . But then is their orbit under the multiplicative action by , hence is a cylinder . This is clearly open.
The first characterization follows via prop. from the general discusion at Grassmannian. With this the second characterization follows also with the coset identification of the -sphere: (exmpl.).
is also known as the complex projective curve or Riemann sphere
is also known as the complex projective plane
is also known as complex projective 3-space
Every continuous map for even has a fixed point. This does not hold for odd as in this case the continuous map does not have a fixed point.
(Farber & Tabachnikov & Yuzvinsky 02, Corollary 2)
(cell structure of projective spaces)
There is a CW-complex structure on complex projective space (def. ) for , given by induction, where arises from by attaching a single cell of dimension with attaching map the projection from prop. :
Given homogeneous coordinates for , let
be the phase of . Then under the equivalence relation defining these coordinates represent the same element as
where
is the absolute value of . Representatives of this form ( and ) parameterize the 2n+2-disk , with boundary being the -sphere at .
The resulting function is continuous: It may be factored as
Here the first map is the embedding of the disk as a hemisphere in , while the second is the defining quotient space projection. Both of these mare are evidently continuous, and hence so is their composite.
The only remaining part of the action of which fixes the conditions and is acting on the elements with by phase shifts on the . The quotient of this remaining action on identifies its boundary -sphere with , by prop. .
This shows that the above square is a pushout diagram of underlying sets.
By the nature of colimits in Top (this prop.) it remains to see that the topology on is the final topology induced by the functions and , hence that a subset of is open precisely if its pre-images under these two functions are open.
We saw above that is continuous. Moreover, also the function is continuous (by this lemma).
This shows that if a subset of is open, then its pre-images under these functions are open. It remains to see that if is a subset with open and open, then is open.
Notice that contains with every point also its orbit under the action of , and that every open subset of is a unions of open balls. By the above factorization of this means that if is open, then is a union of open cyclinders, hence is open. By the nature of the quotient topology, this means that is open.
For , the homotopy groups of complex projective space are the integers in degree 2, the homotopy groups of the 2n+1-sphere in degrees and trivial otherwise:
Essentially by definition, is the quotient space of the circle group-action on the unit sphere (e.g. Bott & Tu 1982, Exp. 14.22).
First of all, this implies that is connected, since is, hence .
Moreover, since this is a free action, we have a circle principal bundle and hence a fiber sequence of the form
Therefore the homotopy groups of sit in the corresponding long exact sequence of homotopy groups, hence in a long exact sequence of abelian groups of this form:
By the following two basic facts about the homotopy groups of spheres
this long exact sequence contains the parts (using here the assumption that ):
and
and these parts, for all :
In all cases the identification in the bottom line follows from exactness, given that the two outer items are trivial.
This gives the list (1), where we just made explicit that (the Hopf degree theorem, if you wish).
For Ab any abelian group, then the ordinary homology groups of complex projective space with coefficients in are
Similarly the ordinary cohomology groups of are
Moreover, if carries the structure of a ring , then under the cup product the cohomology ring of is the the graded ring
which is the quotient of the polynomial ring on a single generator in degree 2, by the relation that identifies cup products of more than -copies of the generator with zero (see also the disfferential relation at Sullivan model of complex projective space).
Finally, the cohomology ring of the infinite-dimensional complex projective space is the formal power series ring in one generator:
(Or else the polynomial ring , depending on how one chooses to extract a ring from a graded ring, see remark .)
First consider the case that the coefficients are the integers .
Since admits the structure of a CW-complex by prop. , we may compute its ordinary homology equivalently as its cellular homology (thm.). By definition (defn.) this is the chain homology of the chain complex of relative homology groups
where denotes the th stage of the CW-complex-structure. Using the CW-complex structure provided by prop. , then there are cells only in every second degree, so that
for all . It follows that the cellular chain complex has a zero group in every second degree, so that all differentials vanish. Finally, since prop. says that arises from by attaching a single -cell it follows that (by passage to reduced homology)
This establishes the claim for ordinary homology with integer coefficients.
In particular this means that is a free abelian group for all . Since free abelian groups are the projective objects in Ab (prop.) it follows (with the discussion at derived functors in homological algebra) that the Ext-groups vanishe:
and the Tor-groups vanishes:
With this, the statement about homology and cohomology groups with general coefficients follows with the universal coefficient theorem for ordinary homology (thm.) and for ordinary cohomology (thm.).
Finally to see the action of the cup product: by definition this is the composite
of the βcross-productβ map that appears in the Kunneth theorem, and the pullback along the diagonal .
Since, by the above, the groups and are free and finitely generated, the Kunneth theorem in ordinary cohomology applies (prop.) and says that the cross-product map above is an isomorphism. This shows that under cup product pairs of generators are sent to a generator, and so the statement follows.
This also implies that the projection maps
are all epimorphisms. Therefore this sequence satisfies the Mittag-Leffler condition (def., exmpl.) and therefore the Milnor exact sequence for cohomology (prop.) implies the last claim to be proven:
where the last step is this prop..
There is in general a choice to be made in interpreting the cohomology groups of a multiplicative cohomology theory as a ring:
a priori is a sequence
of abelian groups, together with a system of group homomorphisms
one for each pair .
In turning this into a single ring by forming formal sums of elements in the groups , there is in general the choice of whether allowing formal sums of only finitely many elements, or allowing arbitrary formal sums.
In the former case the ring obtained is the direct sum
while in the latter case it is the Cartesian product
These differ in general. For instance if is ordinary cohomology with integer coefficients and is complex projective space , then (prop. )
and the product operation is given by
for all (and zero in odd degrees, necessarily). Now taking the direct sum of these, this is the polynomial ring on one generator (in degree 2)
But taking the Cartesian product, then this is the formal power series ring
A priori both of these are sensible choices. The former is the usual choice in traditional algebraic topology. However, from the point of view of regarding ordinary cohomology theory as a multiplicative cohomology theory right away, then the second perspective tends to be more natural:
The cohomology of is naturally computed as the inverse limit of the cohomolgies of the , each of which unambiguously has the ring structure . So we may naturally take the limit in the category of commutative rings right away, instead of first taking it in -indexed sequences of abelian groups, and then looking for ring structure on the result. But the limit taken in the category of rings gives the formal power series ring (see here).
Incidentally, this is the default choice of ring structure for generalized multiplicative cohomology theories evaluated on . In particular in complex oriented cohomology (see there) this choice is of paramount importance.
See also for instance remark 1.1. in Jacob Lurie: A Survey of Elliptic Cohomology.
Given a complex oriented cohomology theory (defn.), then there is an isomorphism of graded rings
between the -cohomology ring of infinite-dimensional complex projective space and the formal power series in one generator of even degree over the -cohomology ring of the point.
Using the CW-complex-structure on from prop. , given by inductively identifying with the result of attaching a single -cell to . With this structure, the unique 2-cell inclusion is identified with the canonical map .
Then consider the Atiyah-Hirzebruch spectral sequence for the -cohomology of .
Since, by prop. , the ordinary cohomology with integer coefficients of projective space is
where represents a unit in , and since similarly the ordinary homology of is a free abelian group, hence a projective object in abelian groups (prop.), the Ext-group vanishes in each degree () and so the universal coefficient theorem (prop.) gives that the second page of the spectral sequence is
By the standard construction of the Atiyah-Hirzebruch spectral sequence (here) in this identification the element is identified with a generator of the relative cohomology
(using, by the above, that this is the unique 2-cell of in the standard cell model).
This means that is a permanent cocycle of the spectral sequence (in the kernel of all differentials) precisely if it arises via restriction from an element in and hence precisely if there exists a complex orientation on . Since this is the case by assumption on , is a permanent cocycle. (For the fully detailed argument see (Pedrotti 16).)
The same argument applied to all elements in , or else the -linearity of the differentials (prop.), implies that all these elements are permanent cocycles.
Since the AHSS of a multiplicative cohomology theory is a multiplicative spectral sequence (prop.) this implies that the differentials in fact vanish on all elements of , hence that the given AHSS collapses on the second page to give
or in more detail:
Moreover, since therefore all are free modules over , and since the filter stage inclusions are -module homomorphisms (prop.) the extension problem trivializes, in that all the short exact sequences
split (since the Ext-group vanishes on the free module, hence projective module ).
In conclusion, this gives an isomorphism of graded rings
A first consequence is that the projection maps
are all epimorphisms. Therefore this sequence satisfies the Mittag-Leffler condition (def., exmpl.) and therefore the Milnor exact sequence for generalized cohomology (prop.) finally implies the claim:
where the last step is this prop..
The Sullivan model of complex projective space is
(e.g. FΓ©lix-Halperin-Thomas 00, p. 203, Menichi 13, 5.3)
(complex projective space is Oka manifold)
Every complex projective space , , is an Oka manifold. More generally every Grassmannian over the complex numbers is an Oka manifold.
Write for the H-group ring spectrum of (see there for details).
For the homotopy type of a topological space in the classical homotopy category, write
for the hom-group in the stable homotopy category, which, by adjunction, is equivalently computed in the classical homotopy category as shown on the right.
Write
for the inclusion into the classifying space for complex topological K-theory which classifies the inlusion of complex line bundles as virtual vector bundles .
This is due to (Segal 73, prop. 1).
Prop. is sharpened by Snaith's theorem. See there for more. The version for real projective space is called the Kahn-Priddy theorem.
Textbook accounts:
Allen Hatcher, Algebraic Topology, Cambridge University Press (2002) [ISBN:9780521795401, webpage]
Raoul Bott, Loring Tu, Exp. 14.22 of: Differential Forms in Algebraic Topology, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 82, Springer 1982 (doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3951-0)
In the context of quantum state spaces:
See also
Topological complexity? of complex projective space:
Computation of Cohomotopy-sets of complex projective spaces:
Computation of the stable homotopy groups of :
Robert E. Mosher, Some stable homotopy of complex projective space, Topology 7 (1968) 179-193 [doi:10.1016/0040-9383(68)90026-8, pdf]
Graeme Segal, The stable homotopy of complex of projective space, The quarterly journal of mathematics (1973) 24 (1): 1-5. (pdf, doi:10.1093/qmath/24.1.1)
(See also at Snaith's theorem.)
Detailed review of the Atiyah-Hirzebruch spectral sequence for complex oriented cohomology is in
Computation of the ordinary cohomology of cyclic loop spaces of complex projective spaces (their string cohomology):
Last revised on March 4, 2024 at 23:44:54. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.