vector bundle, 2-vector bundle, (∞,1)-vector bundle
real, complex/holomorphic, quaternionic
geometric representation theory
representation, 2-representation, ∞-representation
Grothendieck group, lambda-ring, symmetric function, formal group
principal bundle, torsor, vector bundle, Atiyah Lie algebroid
Eilenberg-Moore category, algebra over an operad, actegory, crossed module
Be?linson-Bernstein localization?
Generally, for some group, a -equivariant bundle is a bundle, specifically a fiber bundle (principal bundle, vector bundle, etc.) all whose component spaces (total space , base space , fiber , but also possibly the structure group ) are equipped with -actions, such that all structure morphisms (in particular the projection , but also the -action for principal bundles etc.) are -equivariant functions.
In short, this should mean (SS 2021, Sec. 2.1, Def. below) that -equivariant (fiber-, principal-,…) bundles are (fiber-, principal, …) bundles internal to a category of G-spaces (e.g. topological G-spaces, G-manifolds but also G-sets etc.).
While the existing literature does not state the definition of equivariant bundles via internalization, one sees (Prop. below) that the explicit definition in tom Dieck 69, tom Dieck 87, Sec. I.8 (for the case of principal bundles) is the equivalent external description, including, thereby, an action of the equivariance group on the structure group – together with the respective compatibility conditions, which equivalently say (as highlighted in tom Dieck 69, Sec. 1.2, also Murayama-Shimakawa 95, below 1.1, see the discussion here) that the joint action is that of the semidirect product group .
Beware that this action of the equivariance group on the structure group of an equivariant principal bundle is often and traditionally disregarded, i.e. implicitly taken to be the trivial action (e.g. Lashof 82, Lashof-May-Segal 83), which equivalently means that the semidirect product group that acts is reduced to the direct product group , meaning that the action of the equivariance group commutes with that of the structure group. This special case is the default meaning of equivariant bundle in much of the literature!
(The definition of “generalized equivariant bundles” proposed in Lashof-May 86 and advertized in Lewis-May-Steinberger 86, Sec. IV.1 allows any group extension of by to act. This reduces to semidirect products for split extensions (see there) where is a normal subgroup, and that is the case that May 90, Guillou-May-Merling 17 falls back to).
Much of the literature on equivariant bundles is interested
and/or
We discuss equivariant groups in/as topological spaces, for definiteness and due to their relevance as models in equivariant homotopy theory. All of the discussion generalizes, say to smooth manifolds or general toposes.
(convenient category of topological spaces)
We write
for any convenient category of topological spaces whose mapping space serves as an internal hom, such as
This means in particular that for , we have a natural bijection
between maps (meaning: continuous functions) out of the product topological space with and maps into the mapping space.
(topological -spaces)
For be a topological group – to be called the equivariance group – we write
for the category whose
objects are topological spaces equipped with continuous -actions
morphisms are -equivariant continuous functions between them (“maps”); i.e. for the category of “G-spaces”, often denote “” or even or similar.
(further conditions on the equivariance group)
For purposes of equivariant homotopy theory one typically assumes the topological equivariance group in Def. to be that underlying a compact Lie group, such as a finite group (as that guarantees that G-CW-complexes are well-behaved and that the equivariant Whitehead theorem holds). But for the plain point-set topology of equivariant bundles, this condition is not necessary.
(topological G-spaces are cartesian monoidal) The category of topological G-spaces (Def. ) is a Cartesian monoidal category: The Cartesian product of two topological G-spaces is the underlying product topological space equipped with the diagonal action by :
We follow the terminology of SS 2021, Def. 2.1.2:
(equivariant topological groups)
Given an equivariance group (Def. ), a -equivariant topological group is a group object internal to topological G-spaces (Def. ):
Since the forgetful functor from topological G-spaces (Def. ) to underlying topological spaces
preservesCartesian products (explicitly so by Remark ), it preserves group objects and hence sends -equivariant topological groups (Def. ) to underlying plain topological groups:
We say that a -equivariant principal bundle is a principal bundle internal to topological G-spaces (SS 2021, Def. 2.1.3).
(Beware that, following tradition in equivariant bundle theory, we do not impose a local trivializability condition at this point, but add this as an extra clause later and then speak explicitly of locally trivial equivariant bundles – for more on this see at Notions of equivariant local triviality.)
(equivariant principal bundle)
Given
an equivariance group ;
an equivariant topological group (Def. )
to be called the -equivariant structure group;
a -equivariant -principal bundle over is:
a internal bundle, namely a morphism in topological G-spaces;
the structure of a -action object on the total space :
such that the following conditions holds:
(principality) the shear map
is an isomorphism, hence this commuting diagram is moreover a pullback square (in topological G-spaces):
(on the internal definition of principality) Notice that in Def. we do not explicitly demand that the base space is the quotient space of the total space by the group action (it defines an internal pseudo-torsor instead of a torsor). This has several reasons:
The way the definition is stated, it involves only finite limits (no colimits), which means that this notion of equivariant principal bundle will be preserved by all right adjoint functors on the ambient category, such as notably the fixed locus-functors (see there).
Nevertheless, the expected quotient condition is both implied as well as circumvented, as need be:
Once equivariant local trivializability is imposed below it follows that the underlying continuous function is a locally trivial fiber bundle. There are then two cases:
Either the typical fiber is inhabited. This implies that is an effective epimorphism, and with that property the shear map condition above implies that is the quotient of by .
Or the typical fiber is the empty space. This case, often disregarded in discussion of fiber bundles, is actually an example of Def. , because for the empty bundle the shear map is an isomorphism:
(since both domain and codomain are isomorphic to the empty space):
Empty bundles are principal! (and locally trivial!), in the above sense.
While this degenerate case is irrelevant for ordinary principal bundles, it is crucial for equivariant principal bundles, since their fixed loci often have empty total space. In fact, if the action of on the structure group is trivial (as is often the case in applications) then it follows at once that any fixed locus of an equivariant principal bundle can have only one of two typical fibers, or , while the structure group is , in both cases.
(principal bundles internal to -spaces are equivalent to tom Dieck-bundles)
The -equivariant -principal bundles in the internal sense of Def. are equivalent to the -principal bundles in the sense of tom Dieck 69 (both without any condition of local trivializability, at this point).
This follows immediately by the fact (this Prop.) that -equivariant actions of equivariant groups are equivalent to plain actions of the semidirect product group .
The internal-formulation of -equivariant principal; bundles (Def. ) serves to make manifest that they have good behaviour under passage to fixed loci:
Notice that for any subgroup we have the fixed point functor (here)
For an -equivariant topological group (Def. ), a -equivariant -principal bundle (Def. ) and any subgroup, the -fixed locus (3) is canonically an -equivariant -principal bundle.
The point is that passage to -fixed loci (3) is a right adjoint functor (this Prop.) and therefore preserves all limits, and so in particular preserves Cartesian products and fiber products, hence preserves internal group objects as well as the principality condition.
(semidirect product coset space bundles are locally trivial) Let be a closed subgroup, and let be a lift of to a closed subgroup of the semidirect product group, as shown on the left here:
Then the induced bundle of coset spaces, shown on the right of (4):
is locally trivial as an ordinary -fiber bundle in TopologicalSpaces as soon as the the coset space coprojection admits local sections.
This is tom Dieck 69, Lemma in Sec. 2.1
The first statement is evident.
For the second statement, let denote a local section over an open subset :
We claim that then
is an isomorphism, of -principal bundles over .
It is clear by construction that the map is
-equivariant.
To see that map is an isomorphism it is sufficient to see that it is so over each :
Injectivity here follows from the fact that is a lift of , so that the unique element lifting the neutral element is the neutral element.
To see that the map is surjective over each :
That is in the fiber over means that . Then for the unique element with we see that , which is manifestly in the image of our map.
(Filling in the ellipses here, which is straightforward but unenlightning, actually gives the continuous inverse map.)
In fact every equivariant principal bundle over a coset space is of this form:
(equivariant principal bundle over coset spaces are semidirect product coset space bundles) Let be a closed subgroup. Then every Hausdorff space -principal bundle (Def. ) over the coset space
which is locally trivial as an ordinary -principal bundle, is isomorphic
to a coset space-bundle from Prop. , for a lift of to a closed subgroup of the semidirect product group:
Regard as equipped with the action of the semidirect product group , by Prop. .
Let be any point in the fiber over , and take
to be its stabilizer subgroup under the semidirect product group-action. We observe that this has the stated properties:
is a closed subgroup because stabilizer subgroups are closed subgroups under the Hausdorff-ness assumption;
under we have , since for all :
is
a surjection because the action of on the fibers of is a transitive action,
an injection because the action of on the fibers of is a free action
(by principality).
Moreover, it is clear by construction that (5) is a -equivariant continuous function over .
Hence to see that (5) is an isomorphism (a homeomorphism of underlying topological spaces) it is sufficient to see that after forgetting the -action we have a morphism between ordinary -principal bundles over their common base space, because any such is an isomorphism, as is manifest from its restriction to any common local trivialization.
Therefore it is now sufficient to see that the coset bundle is locally trivial as a -principal bundle. But this is the statement of Prop. .
The literature considers various different notions of local triviality of equivariant bundles. Some of these look quite different, but are indeed all equivalent, under mild conditions (SS 2021, Thm. 2.1.2).
under construction, for details see SS 2021, Sec. 2.2
(tom Dieck’s equivariant local triviality condition – tom Dieck 69, Def. 2.3, tom Dieck 87, p. 58)
An equivariant principal bundle (Def. , Prop. )
is locally trivial if there exists
an index-set ,
an -indexed set of sub-G-spaces
an -indexed set of closed subgroup ;
an -indexed set of over their coset spaces;
such that
is an open cover in TopologicalSpaces;
for each there is a homomorphism of
from the restriction of to and the given equivariant bundle over the coset space (as above).
(Bierstone’s equivariant local triviality condition – Bierstone 78, Sec. 4, p. 619-620)
An equivariant principal bundle (Def. , Prop. )
is locally trivial if for each point (with isotropy group/stabilizer group denoted ) there exists
a -equivariant homomorphism of
from the restriction of to to the Cartesian product of with the fiber of over .
(Lashof’s equivariant local triviality condition – Lashof 82, p. 258, Lashof-May 86, p. 267)
An equivariant principal bundle (Def. , Prop. )
is locally trivial if for each point (with isotropy group/stabilizer group denoted ) there exists
an index-set ;
an -indexed set of closed subgroups ;
an -indexed set of slices ;
an -indexed set of lifting ;
such that
the orbits of the slices form an open cover over ;
for each there is a -equivariant homomorphism of
from the restriction of over the orbit of the th slice to …
(…)
(…) Lashof82 Bierstone78 (…)
(Lashof’s local models are locally trivial as ordinary fiber bundles) If the equivariance group is a compact Lie group then for every closed subgroup and topological H-spaces the canonical projection
is a locally trivial -fiber bundle.
Since is assumed to be a compact Lie group, it admits a bi-invariant Riemannian metric (this Prop.). With respect to this metric, consider a small open normal -neighbourhood to at in
i.e. of points that with respect to some choice of tubular neighbourhood of are a normal distance from .
Then the multiplication action
is a diffeomorphism, because, by right-invariance of the chosen metric, the operation
is even an isometry, for each .
It follows
1) by dimension reasons that
is an open neighbourhood of in , and hence that
is an open neighbourhood of .
2) that the restriction of the projection to this neighbourhood is isomorphic to the trivial -fiber bundle:
Finally, since is covered by left -translates of the open subset , and since the same argument applies to each of theses, by left-invariance of the metric, the claim follows.
(Lashof’s local trivializability implies tom Dieck’s for ) In the case that (in Def. ), equivariant local trivializability in the sense of Lashof (Def. ) implies local trivializability in the sense of tom Dieck (Def. ).
It is sufficient to see that Lashof’s local model bundles in (7) are examples of tom Dieck’s local model bundles in (6).
So let be a closed subgroup, be an -slice and
be the homomorphism through which acts on in Lashof’s model for the equivariant bundle over the orbit of the slice.
By Prop. and using that we obtain from an equivariant principal bundle over by taking the subgroup in (4) to be the graph of (8)
Observing that the coset space by a subgroup of this form coincindes with the quotient by the diagonal action
makes it evident that tom Dieck’s condition (6) is satisfied for Lashof’s local model in that the following square is manifestly a pullback:
(…)
(sufficient condition for plain local trivialization to have equivariant enhancement) Sufficient conditions for existence of plain local trivialization to imply a -equivariant local trivialization, and hence for the inclusion in Prop. to be an actual equivalence of categories, are:
is a finite group; or
is a locally compact separable metric space of finite dimension and with a finite number of -orbit types; or
is a locally compact separable metric space such that for every -orbit type the fixed locus is an absolute neighbourhood retract (such as a finite-dimensional topological manifold or a finite-dimensional and locally finite CW-complex, by the discussion there).
Because (Atiyah 66, p. 374) then for every plain local trivialization around any orbit the equivariant Tietze extension theorem implies the existence of an equivariant function to on an open neighbourhood of that orbit, which thus constitutes a -equivariant local trivialization.
(Murayama-Shimakawa groupoid for discrete )
For a discrete group and a -equivariant topological group (hence a topological group equipped with an action of by continuous group automorphisms), consider the topological groupoid which is the functor groupoid from the pair groupoid of to the delooping groupoid of :
but regarded as an internal groupoid in topological G-spaces
by equipping it with the -action given on functors and natural transformations in (9) by:
add word on choice of topology on the mapping spaces, see Murayama-Shimakawa 95, p. 1293 (5 of 7)
This means that for any the -fixed point space of is the -homotopy fixed point-space of (Thomason 83, (3.2)).
The fat geometric realization of the nerve of the -topological groupoid from Def.
is a classifying space for -equivariant -principal bundles.
This is Theorem 3.1 in Murayama-Shimakawa 95, using the remark on the bottom of p. 1294 (6 of 7) that for discrete group the construction in Theorem 3.1 may be simplified.
For discrete and discrete or compact Lie the same statement appears as Guillou, May & Merling 17, Thm. 3.11. Notice that Scholium 3.12 there doubts that Murayama-Shimakawa 95‘s result holds for non-discrete .
Let any subgroup, there is an equivalence of topological groupoids between the -fixed locus of the -groupoid from Def. and
for trivial : the functor groupoid between the delooping groupoids of and :
for general : the action groupoid of the conjugation action of on group homomorphisms which are sections () of :
The first statement is the evident specialization of the second. It may help to go through the proof first in this special case of trivial , as the presence of can tend to obscure the simple logic behind it.
First consider the case . Here the point to notice is that -invariance of a functor means that its value depends only on the difference of its arguments
and functoriality then means equivalently that is a group homomorphism to .
Similarly, -invariance of a naturaltrans formation means that its components are fixed by its values on via
With this, the naturality square for commutes precisely if two sections , as above, are related by conjugation with .
This proves the equivalence in the case .
Next to see the claim for general , notice that restriction along followed by the above equivalence (now for replaced by ) gives a canonical comparison functor . We claim that a homotopy-inverse is given by the evident inclusion functor that fills up unspecified data by neutral elements. It is clear that and one checks that there is a homotopy (which is straightforward if one chooses good diagrammatic notation…).
To the extent that passage to fixed loci commutes with realization (this would be guaranteed if we could use ordinary geometric realization in Prop. which works as soon as is compact Lie), Prop. immediately implies the behaviour of equivariant classifying spaces under fixed loci according to Lashof 82, Thm. 2.17 and Lashof & May 86, Thm. 10.
Related discussion is in Guillou, May & Merling 17, pp. 15.
(…)
If is a compact Lie group which is also abelian (hence a direct product group of an n-torus with a abelian finite group) and regarded as carrying trivial -action, then a classifying G-space for -equivariant -principal bundles is given by .
This implies that for abelian compact Lie structure groups , the isomorphism classes of -equivariant -principal bundles over some G-CW complex have the same classification as plain -principal bundles over its Borel construction :
In the form of the resulting composite bijection, this statement appears as May 1990, Thm. 3.
On general (topological) equivariant fiber bundles/principal bundles:
Precursor discussion:
T. E. Stewart, Lifting Group Actions in Fibre Bundles, Annals of Mathematics Second Series, Vol. 74, No. 1 (1961), pp. 192-198 (jstor:1970310)
(for structure group commuting with the equivariance group, but noticing already that a normal subgroup-extension could be considered, more generally)
The original definition:
Tammo tom Dieck, Faserbündel mit Gruppenoperation, Arch. Math 20, 136–143 (1969) (doi:10.1007/BF01899003)
(for structure group split-extending the equivariance group)
Edward Bierstone, The equivariant covering homotopy property for differentiable -fibre bundles, J. Differential Geom. 8(4): 615-622 (1973) (doi:10.4310/jdg/1214431963)
(for structure group commuting with the equivariance group, but with differentiable structure)
Goro Nishida, Section 2 of: The transfer homomorphism in equivariant generalized cohomology theories, J. Math. Kyoto Univ. 18(3): 435-451 (1978) (doi:10.1215/kjm/1250522505)
(for structure group split-extending the equivariance group)
Richard Lashof, Melvin Rothenberg, Section 1 of: -Smoothing theory, p. 211-266 in: Algebraic and Geometric Topology, Proceedings of Symposia in Pure Mathematics, Vol. XXXII, Part 1, American Mathematical Society 1978 (doi:10.1090/pspum/032.1, pdf)
(for structure group commuting with the equivariance group, but with differentiable structure)
Richard Lashof, Equivariant bundles, Illinois J. Math. 26(2): 257-271, 1982 (doi:10.1215/ijm/1256046796)
(for structure group commuting with the equivariance group)
Richard Lashof, Peter May, Generalized equivariant bundles, Bull. Soc. Math. Belg. Sér. A 38, 265-271, 1986 (pdf, pdf)
(for structure group extending the equivariance group)
L. Gaunce Lewis, Peter May, and Mark Steinberger, Section IV.1 of: Equivariant stable homotopy theory, Springer Lecture Notes in Mathematics Vol.1213. 1986 (pdf, doi:10.1007/BFb0075778)
(for structure group extending the equivariance group)
Tammo tom Dieck, Section I.8 of: Transformation Groups, de Gruyter 1987 (doi:10.1515/9783110858372)
(for structure group split-extending the equivariance group)
With abelian structure group:
Richard Lashof, Peter May, Graeme Segal, Equivariant bundles with abelian structural group, Contemporary Mathematics, Volume 19, 1983 (doi:10.1090/conm/019, pdf, pdf)
(for structure group commuting with the equivariance group)
Andrzej Kozlowski, Equivariant Bundles and Cohomology, Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, Vol. 296, No. 1 (Jul., 1986), pp. 181-190 (jstor:2000568)
(for structure group split-extending the equivariance group)
More on equivariant principal bundles and their classifying spaces/universal principal bundles:
Peter May, Some remarks on equivariant bundles and classifying spaces, Théorie de l’homotopie, Astérisque, no. 191 (1990), 15 p. (numdam:AST_1990__191__239_0)
(for structure group split-extending the equivariance group)
Mitutaka Murayama, Kazuhisa Shimakawa, Universal equivariant bundles, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 123 (1995), 1289-1295 (doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-1995-1231040-9, jstor:2160733)
(for structure group split-extending the equivariance group)
Wolfgang Lück, Survey on Classifying Spaces for Families of Subgroups, In: Infinite Groups: Geometric, Combinatorial and Dynamical Aspects Progress in Mathematics, 248 Birkhäuser (2005) (arXiv:math/0312378, doi:10.1007/3-7643-7447-0_7)
Bernardo Uribe, Wolfgang Lück, Equivariant principal bundles and their classifying spaces, Algebr. Geom. Topol. 14 (2014) 1925-1995 [arXiv:1304.4862, doi:10.2140/agt.2014.14.1925]
(for structure group commuting with the equivariance group)
Charles Rezk, Sec. 2.3 in: Global Homotopy Theory and Cohesion, 2014 (pdf, pdf)
(for structure group commuting with the equivariance group, and in relation to the global orbit category with an eye towards equivariant homotopy theory)
Bertrand Guillou, Peter May, Mona Merling, Categorical models for equivariant classifying spaces, Algebr. Geom. Topol. 17 (2017) 2565-2602 (arXiv:1201.5178, doi:10.2140/agt.2017.17.2565)
(for structure group split-extending the equivariance group)
Charles Rezk, Classifying spaces for 1-truncated compact Lie groups, Algebr. Geom. Topol. 18 (2018) 525-546 (arXiv:1608.02999)
(for structure group a 1-truncated compact Lie group commuting with the equivariance group)
Review and examples over the 2-sphere:
See also:
Discussion in the context of principal -bundles:
On equivariant vector bundles:
In the context of equivariant K-theory:
Graeme Segal, Section 1 of: Equivariant K-theory, Inst. Hautes Etudes Sci. Publ. Math. No. 34 (1968) p. 129-151 (numdam:PMIHES_1968__34__129_0)
Dale Husemöller, Michael Joachim, Branislav Jurčo, Martin Schottenloher, Section 13 of: Basic Bundle Theory and K-Cohomology Invariants, Springer Lecture Notes in Physics 726, 2008, (pdf, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-74956-1)
In a context of equivariant differential topology:
In the context of orientation in generalized cohomology generalized to equivariant complex oriented cohomology theory:
Volume 3, Number 2 (2001), 265-339 (euclid:hha/1139840256)
On 3-twisted equivariant K-theory via the universal equivariant -bundle:
Noé Bárcenas, Jesús Espinoza, Michael Joachim, Bernardo Uribe, Universal twist in Equivariant K-theory for proper and discrete actions, Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, Volume 108, Issue 5 (2014) (arXiv:1202.1880, doi:10.1112/plms/pdt061)
In a context of equivariant elliptic cohomology:
The general notion of equivariant bundles from tom Dieck 69 (with action of the semidirect product of the gauge group with the equivariance group) gets a brief mentioning in
in a context of Chern-Simons theory on orbifolds.
Last revised on July 7, 2022 at 13:03:46. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.