fields and particles in particle physics
and in the standard model of particle physics:
matter field fermions (spinors, Dirac fields)
| flavors of fundamental fermions in the standard model of particle physics: | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| generation of fermions | 1st generation | 2nd generation | 3d generation |
| quarks () | |||
| up-type | up quark () | charm quark () | top quark () |
| down-type | down quark () | strange quark () | bottom quark () |
| leptons | |||
| charged | electron | muon | tauon |
| neutral | electron neutrino | muon neutrino | tau neutrino |
| bound states: | |||
| mesons | light mesons: pion () ρ-meson () ω-meson () f1-meson a1-meson | strange-mesons: ϕ-meson (), kaon, K*-meson (, ) eta-meson () charmed heavy mesons: D-meson (, , ) J/ψ-meson () | bottom heavy mesons: B-meson () ϒ-meson () |
| baryons | nucleons: proton neutron |
(also: antiparticles)
hadrons (bound states of the above quarks)
minimally extended supersymmetric standard model
bosinos:
dark matter candidates
Exotica
What is called the hierarchy problem is an issue in phenomenology and model building, notably in the standard model of particle physics, concerning discrepancies between the electroweak and Planck scale. For instance, the masses of the W and Z particles, the force carriers of the weak nuclear force, are about 10,000 trillion times smaller than the Planck mass. Thus there is a huge hierarchy in the mass scales of weak nuclear forces and gravity. See Strassler for review.
In 2021, Mooij and Shaposhnikov suggested that the hierarchy problem might not have any physical meaning, rather being a mere artifact of a certain formulation of the quantum field theory and/or model of the Standard model, and that if a different formulation was chosen the hierarchy problem can be avoided entirely. See Mooij and Shaposhnikov for more details.
In the context of M-theory on G₂-manifolds (the G₂-MSSM) a generic solution to the hierarchy problem is proposed in (Acharya-Kane-Kumar 12, section V.A.2 (p. 10-11)) due to control over non-perturbative effects from membrane instantons, which due to their exponential nature, provide the exponential hierarchy.
Matthew Strassler, The Hierarchy Problem (web)
Seth Koren, The Hierarchy Problem: From the Fundamentals to the Frontiers (arXiv:2009.11870)
Sander Mooij, Mikhail Shaposhnikov, QFT without infinities and hierarchy problem [arXiv:2110.05175]
The aim of this work has been to stress that there is no physical sense in the naturalness criterion.
In the context of M-theory on G₂-manifolds/G₂-MSSM a solution is proposed in
Last revised on July 18, 2024 at 11:52:29. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.