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A spherical space form is a quotient space of a round Riemannian n-sphere () by a subgroup of its isometry group, which acts freely and properly discontinuously.
Equivalently, a spherical space form is a Riemannian manifold of constant positive sectional curvature (an elliptic geometry) which is connected and geodesically complete (see e.g. Gadhia 07, Lemma 5).
The spherical space forms are one of three classical examples of Clifford-Klein space forms.
Their classification was raised as an open problem by Killing 1891 and a complete solution was finally compiled by (Wolf 74) (reviewed in Gadhia 07, section 2.2). A re-proof of the classification is claimed in (Allock 15).
Notice that free group actions by isometries of n-spheres are a special case of more general free actions by any homeomorphisms, see at group actions on n-spheres for more.
For all the groups in Wolf’s classification act as subgroups of SO(8), the latter equipped with its defining action on restricted to the action on the 7-sphere .
Therefore one may consider the lift of these subgroups to subgroups of the spin group through the double cover-projection. Such a lift corresponds to a choice of spin structure on the spherical space form . These Spin-lifts , have been classified in (Gadhia 07).
Given any such lift , one may consider its action on the two irreducible real spin representations of . Write
for the dimension of the subspace of spinors that are fixed by the action of . For non-trivial, we have
and hence up to a choice of orientation there is a unique
associated with each 7-dimensional spherical space form equipped with spin structure.
Hence this allows to stratify Wolf’s classification of 7-dimensional spherical space forms, first into the cases that do and that do not admit any spin structure, and then the former further into the dimension of the space of Killing spinors that they carry.
In the case It turns out that the resulting sub-classification demands to be a finite subgroup of SU(2); hence this is an ADE classification (MFFGME 09, Sections 3-7):
: here , the cyclic group of order 2;
: does not occur;
: here (for , a cyclic group;
: here a non-cyclic finite subgroup of SU(2), hence a binary dihedral group or the binary tetrahedral group or binary octahedral group or binary icosahedral group, acting diagonally on ;
: here any finite subgroup of SU(2) except the binary tetrahedral groups, but acting via the diagonal action composed with a suitable non-trivial outer automorphism of on one of the two sides.
(In the last case, while there is one nontrivial outer automorphism of the binary tetrahedral group, its twisted action yields , hence is equivalent to one of the previous cases (MFFGME 09, section 7.3).)
This analysis applies to the classification of the near horizon geometry of smooth (i.e. non-orbifold) BPS black M2-brane-solutions of the equations of motion of 11-dimensional supergravity:
These are the Cartesian product of 4-dimensional anti de Sitter spacetime with a 7-dimensional spherical space form with spin structure and , as above (MFFGME 09).
We discuss the concordance -groupoid of -principal bundles on spherical space forms (Def. below) in the case that the topological group is a braided homotopy n-type (Assumption below).
The claim of Theorem below is that this is equivalently the hom -groupoid of maps of classifying spaces .
In the special case that PU(ℋ), this result recovers (Example below) the equivariant homotopy groups of the equivariant classifying space for equivariant -principal bundles (originally due to Uribe et al., 2014) – a statement which falls out of the scope of most traditional theory of equivariant principal bundles since PU(ℋ) is not a compact Lie group.
Conversely, Thm. generalizes this classification of equivariant -principal bundles to any braided -truncated structure group, at the (small) cost of requiring that the equivariance group corresponds to some -dimensional spherical space form – in which case it is essentially an incarnation (via the proof of Prop. below) of the smooth Oka principle over that spherical space form.
Concretely, we consider the following situation:
Assumption.
In the following, let
be a finite group satisfying the following equivalent conditions (equivalent by the Madsen-Thomas-Wall theorem):
for all prime numbers , if is a subgroup of order or , then is isomorphic to a cyclic group;
has a continuous free action on the topological d-sphere for some ;
has a smooth free action on the d-sphere for some and for some smooth structure (possibly exotic);
for each there exists such that has a smooth free action on the d-sphere equipped with some smooth structure (possibly exotic):
be a topological group whose underlying homotopy type -group is
braided, in that its delooping still has -group-structure itself
truncated, hence a homotopy n-type for some :
Given as in (3), possibly increased a little if necessary, we have by (1), a smooth free group action on , whose quotient space is a smooth manifold:
The archetypical examples of topological groups which satisfy Assumption are:
The circle group, U(1), whose underlying homotopy type is that of the Eilenberg-MacLane space , which is n-truncated for and which is not just braided but even abelian (i.e. ); with delooping ;
the projective unitary group on a complex separable Hilbert space, PU(ℋ), whose underlying homotopy type is that of the Eilenberg-MacLane space , which is n-truncated for , which is not just braided but even abelian (i.e. ) with delooping .
Hence for both of these structure groups, the 7-dimensional spherical space forms discussed above satisfy Assumption .
(topological groupoids and their underlying D-topological stacks)
We will write:
for
the topological groupoids which are
the delooping groupoids of and of , respectively,
the action groupoid of the given -action on
their associated D-topological stacks, regarded as objects in .
(canonical Cech groupoid of -principal bundles on spherical space form)
Under the truncation condition (3), the groupoid of -principal bundles over (internal to TopSp) is equivalent to the groupoid of topological functors out of the action groupoid into the delooping groupoid (5), with continuous natural transformations between them:
Moreover, the analogous statement holds for bundles over the product topological space with the topological k-simplex for all :
The -truncation condition (3) on implies that its classifying space is an -type
and hence, by classifying theory, that every -principal bundle on is isomorphic to the trivial bundle:
Therefore, every -principal bundle on the spherical space form trivializes after being pulled back along the coprojection (4). The corresponding Cech cocycle is a topological functor
out of the action groupoid of acting on into the delooping groupoid :
With every -principal bundle trivialized over the covering by this way, morphisms between principal bundles correspond to Cech coboundaries between these Cech cocycles, which are canonically identified with continuous natural transformations between these functors .
(-groupoids of concordances of principal bundles on spherical space forms)
Consider the following two -groupoids:
The cohesive shape of the mapping stack from to
and the cohesive shape of the mapping stack from the spherical space form to
In both cases we are showing on the right the canonical simplicial sets which present these -groupoids, obtained by using
the expression of snooth shape via the smooth path -groupoid (by this Prop.),
the canonical Cech groupoid-presentation of groupoids of principal bundles, from Lem. ,
the fact that the simplicial homotopy colimit of -groupoids presented by simplicial sets is given by the diagonal of the corresponding bisimplicial set (by this Prop.).
Under Assumption , the -groupoid of concordances of -principal bundles on is equivalent to the hom -groupoid from to :
Since is a smooth manifold, the smooth Oka principle (here) gives that
From here, the claim follows by the following sequence of natural equivalences in :
Moreover:
There is a canonical comparison morphism between the shapes of mapping stacks in Def. , given by precomposition with the terminal morphism :
Under Assumption , the comparison morphism (10) is an equivalence of -groupoids.
The claim means that the comparison morphism is a weak homotopy equivalence, hence that it induces isomorphisms on all homotopy groups . For this is Prop. below, while for this is Prop. below, whose proof has an evident generalization to all .
Cor. is of the form of the smooth Oka principle but for domain not a smooth manifold but the delooping groupoid of the finite group .
In contrast to the case where the domain is a smooth manifold, equivalences of the form (11) fail in general, unless some extra condition like Assumption is imposed.
For example, in the case that both and are compact Lie groups, the -groupoids on the left of (11) are the hom -groupoids of the global orbit category for compact Lie equivariance groups.
(equivariant classifying space of -bundles)
In the case that
the structure group is PU(ℋ)
the equivariance group is a finite group which has any free action on any n-sphere for
Cor. immediately implies that the homotopy groups
are given by the group cohomology of with coefficients in the integers, as shown.
This recovers the statement of Uribe & al. 2014, Thm. 1.10, see also Uribe & Lück 2014, Thm. 15.17.
A 1-morphism in (8) from a bundle to a bundle over is a diagram of homomorphisms of principal bundles of this form:
The simplicial set presentations for shapes of mapping stacks in Def. have at least all 2-horn fillers.
It is useful to denote a 1-morphism
namely a -parameterized Cech coboundary
as follows:
Then a pair of composable 1-morphisms, hence a -horn, looks like this:
For any such we may form the following composable pair of 1-morphisms of cocycles over :
When pulled back along the canonical topological horn filler retraction this yields a 2-cell which fills the original 2-horn.
Similarly, a -horn is the following type of data:
and is filled by the evident directly analogous procedure.
The homotopy class of the classifying map of a principal bundle is represented by the topological realization of any of its Cech cocycles. Therefore, Lemma implies that in the following commuting diagram the left and the composite function are bijections:
It follows by 2-out-of-3 that also the function on the right is a bijection:
Observe that the composite of the equivalences in (9) is again the morphism induced by pre-composition with
Therefore, by functoriality of the nerve-operation followed by topological realization, the following diagram commutes:
Here
the top and bottom horizontal functions are bijections by (12),
the right vertical functions are bijections by (9).
By commutativity of the total rectangle, this implies that the left vertical functions exhibit a retraction, as shown, in particular the bottom left function is surjective. (Moreover, the commutativity of the two squares separately each implies that the middle horizontal function is also a surjection, as shown.)
But the bottom left function is clearly also injective: If is a Cech coboundary between Cech cocycles that are constant along , then conjugates the corresponding group homomorphisms into each other.
Therefore the bottom left morphism is both injective as well as surjective, hence bijective.
More generally, the analogous conclusion evidently still holds for -principal bundles on the topological product space with the topological k-simplex
Every 1-morphism in (Exp. ) is equivalent (homotopic relative its endpoints) to one of the form
By the classification theory of principal bundles (or, more concretely, by the proof of this Prop.), every principal bundle on a cylinder like is isomorphic to the constant re-extension of its restriction to one end of the cylinder. With the given 1-morphism denoted as in Exp. we write for such an isomorphism onto its -component:
which is such that the restriction of to is the identity morphism
From this we may construct the following 2-morphism in (8):
Here denotes the map of topological simplices which collapses the 2-face:
Therefore the 2-face of the above 2-morphism (15) is degenerate (where the last step uses (14)):
while the 0-face is the original morphism
and the 1-face is of the claimed form (13):
Hence the 2-morphism (15) exhibits the claimed homotopy relative endpoints.
The comparison morphism (Def. ) is injective on connected components.
Given a 1-morphism
such that both and are constant along
we need to show that there is a 1-morphism between and all whose components are constant along .
Now by Lemma we know that there is a 1-morphism such that is constant along , i.e. such that
But the remaining data is then all in . Hence restricting to (and then re-extending it as a constant function on this value) yields a 1-morphism of the desired form.
The comparison morphism (Def. ) is surjective on connected components.
We need to show that every cocycle there exists a cocycle which is constant along and a 1-morphism . But by Lemma there is even a Cech coboundary with . Hence taking and gives the required morphism.
The comparison morphism (Def. ) is bijective on connected components:
The comparison morphism (Def. ) is injective on fundamental groups.
Since both simplicial sets have all 2-horn fillers, by Lem. , it is sufficient to show for a 1-morphism with and all data constant along that if this is homotopic relative boundary to the identity on by any 2-cell, then it is so by a 2-cell all whose data is constant along .
Idea: As in Lem. we find that the given homotopy is itself equivalent to one whose underlying cocycle is constant along . The remaining data is all in , so that restricting that to (and then re-extending as a constant function) yields the desired homotopy.
Let be a 1-morphism such that is trivial: . Then for every continuous function
with
this 1-morphism is homotopic relative boundary to
There is the obvious way to turn into a 2-morphism of the shape of the simplicial square whose two vertical 1-faces are degenerate (the right one by the assumption that is trivial, so that ):
The comparison morphism (Def. ) is surjective on fundamental groups.
Since both simplicial sets have all 2-horn fillers, by Lem. , it is sufficient to show for any 1-morphism with that it is homotopic relative boundary to one all whose data is constant along , and by Lem. it is sufficient to assume that the cocycle is already constant along .
Hence considering this case, Prop. give a homotopy relative boundary to a 1-morphism whose underlying cocycle is constant along . The remaining data is
or equivalently
We need to show that any such map is pointed-homotopic to the map constant on the basepoint . By Lemma this is the case if
and this holds by the truncation assumption (3).
The comparison morphism (Def. ) is an isomorphism on fundamental groups (for any basepoint):
By Lemma this function is injective on fundamental groups.
In order to see surjectivity, we may use that the -groupoid of concordances has group structure (Rem. ), which implies that all its connected components have isomorphic homotopy groups. Therefore it is sufficient to consider the connected component of the trivial cocycle . Here, Lemma gives the surjectivity.
(…)
See also the references at group actions on spheres.
Historically and by default, spherical space forms are understood in Riemannian geometry hence with finite groups acting (freely and) by isometries on n-spheres.
Historical articles:
Solution of the classification problem:
Streamlined re-proof:
Discussion for the 7-sphere with application to near horizon geometries of M2-brane (AdS/CFT dual to the ABJM model):
Paul de Medeiros, José Figueroa-O'Farrill, Sunil Gadhia, Elena Méndez-Escobar, Half-BPS quotients in M-theory: ADE with a twist, JHEP 0910:038,2009 (arXiv:0909.0163, pdf slides)
Sunil Gadhia, Supersymmetric quotients of M-theory and supergravity backgrounds, PhD thesis, School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh, 2007 (spire:1393845)
General quotients of -spheres by finite group actions that are (free and) just required to be continuous are known as topological spherical space forms:
Ib Madsen, Charles B. Thomas, C. T. C. Wall, The topological spherical space form problem II: existence of free actions, Topology Volume 15, Issue 4, 1976, Pages 375-382 (doi:10.1016/0040-9383(76)90031-8)
Ib Madsen, Charles B. Thomas, C. T. C. Wall, Topological spherical space form problem III: Dimensional bounds and smoothing, Pacific J. Math. 106(1): 135-143 (1983) (pjm:1102721110)
Review:
Discussion as candidates for cosmic topology:
Ralf Aurich, Sven Lustig, Frank Steiner, CMB Anisotropy of Spherical Spaces, Class. Quant. Grav. 22 (2005) 3443-3460 [arXiv:astro-ph/0504656, doi:10.1088/0264-9381/22/17/006]
Ralf Aurich, Sven Lustig, Frank Steiner, The circles-in-the-sky signature for three spherical universes, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 369 1 (2006) 240–248 [doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10296.x, arXiv:astro-ph/0510847]
If the action by on the -sphere is (free and) smooth, one speaks of smooth spherical space forms:
Ib Madsen, Smooth spherical space forms, Geometric Applications of Homotopy Theory I. Springer 1978. 303-352 (doi:10.1007/BFb0069224, pdf)
Last revised on June 7, 2024 at 13:29:24. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.