nLab M2-brane

Contents

Contents

Idea

The theory of 11-dimensional supergravity contains a higher gauge field – the supergravity C-field – that naturally couples to higher electrically charged 2-branes, membranes (Bergshoeff-Sezgin-Townsend 87). By double dimensional reduction, these turn into the superstrings of type IIA string theory (Duff-Howe-Inami-Stelle 87). (See at duality between M-theory and type IIA string theory.)

When in (Witten95) it was argued that the 10-dimensional target space theories of the five types of superstring theories are all limiting cases of one single 11-dimensional target space theory that extends 11-dimensional supergravity (M-theory), it was natural to guess that this supergravity membrane accordingly yields a 3-dimensional sigma-model that reduces in limiting cases to the string sigma-models.

But there were two aspects that make this idea a little subtle, even at this vague level: first, there is no good theory of the quantization of the membrane sigma-model, as opposed to the well understood quantum string. Secondly, that hypothetical “theory extending 11-dimensional supergravity” (“M-theory”) has remained elusive enough that it is not clear in which sense the membrane would relate to it in a way analogous to how the string relates to its target space theories (which is fairly well understood).

Later, with the BFSS matrix model some people gained more confidence in the idea, by identifying the corresponding degrees of freedom in a special case (Nicolai-Helling 98, Dasgupta-Nicolai-Plefka 02). See also at membrane matrix model.

In a more modern perspective, the M2-brane worldvolume theory appears under AdS4-CFT3 duality as a holographic dual of a 4-dimensional Chern-Simons theory. Indeed, its Green-Schwarz action functional is entirely controled by the super-Lie algebra 4-cocycle of super Minkowski spacetime given by the brane scan. This exhibits the M2-brane worldvolume theory as a 3-dimensional higher dimensional WZW model.

Definition

There are two different incarnations of the M2-brane. On the one hand it is defined as a Green-Schwarz sigma model with target space a spacetime that is a solution to the equations of motion of 11-dimensional supergravity. One would call this the “fundamental” M2 in analogy with the “fundamental string”, if only there were an “M2-perturbation series” which however is essentially ruled out.

On the other hand the M2 also appears as a black brane, hence as a solution to the equations of motion of 11-dimensional supergravity with singularity that looks from outside like a charged 2 dimensional object.

As a Green-Schwarz sigma model

See at Green-Schwarz sigma model and brane scan.

As a black brane

In the absence of 4-flux

As a black brane solution to the equations of motion of 11-dimensional supergravity, with vanishing C-field flux, the M2 is the spacetime 2,1×( 8{0})\mathbb{R}^{2,1} \times (\mathbb{R}^8-\{0\}) with pseudo-Riemannian metric being

g=H 2/3g 2,1+H 1/3g 8{0} g = H^{-2/3} g_{\mathbb{R}^{2,1}} + H^{1/3}g_{\mathbb{R}^8-\{0\}}

where

H=α+βr 6 H = \alpha + \frac{\beta}{r^6}

for (α,β) 2{(0,0)}(\alpha,\beta) \in \mathbb{R}^2 \setminus \{(0,0)\};

and the field strength of the supergravity C-field is

F=dvol 2,1dH 1. F = d vol_{\mathbb{R}^{2,1}} \wedge \mathbf{d} H^{-1} \,.

For αβ0\alpha \beta \neq 0 this is a 1/2 BPS state of 11d supergravity.

In the above coordinates the metric is ill-defined at r=(β/α) 1/6r = - (\beta/\alpha)^{1/6}, but in fact it may be smoothly continued through this point (Duff, Gibbons & Townsend 1994, section 3), which is an event horizon. An actual curvature singularity is at r=0r = 0.

The near horizon geometry of this spacetime is the Freund-Rubin compactification AdS 4 AdS_4 ×\times S 7 S^7 . For more on this see at AdS-CFT.

1/2 BPS black branes in supergravity: D-branes, F1-brane, NS5-brane, M2-brane, M5-brane

(table from Blumenhagen, Lüst & Theisen 2013, Chapter 18.5)

More generally, one may classify those solutions of 11-dimensional supergravity of the form AdS 4×X 7AdS_4 \times X_7 for some closed manifold X 7X_7, that are at least 1/2 BPS states. One finds (Medeiros & Figueroa 2010) that all these are of the form AdS 4×S 7/G ADEAdS_4 \times S^7/G_{ADE}, where S 7/G ADES^7 / G_{ADE} is an orbifold of the 7-sphere (a spherical space form in the smooth case, see there) by a finite subgroup of SU(2) G ADESU(2)G_{ADE} \hookrightarrow SU(2), i.e. a finite group in the ADE-classification

ADE classification and McKay correspondence

Dynkin diagram/
Dynkin quiver
dihedron,
Platonic solid
finite subgroups of SO(3)finite subgroups of SU(2)simple Lie group
A n1A_{n \geq 1}cyclic group
n+1\mathbb{Z}_{n+1}
cyclic group
n+1\mathbb{Z}_{n+1}
special unitary group
SU(n+1)SU(n+1)
A1cyclic group of order 2
2\mathbb{Z}_2
cyclic group of order 2
2\mathbb{Z}_2
SU(2)
A2cyclic group of order 3
3\mathbb{Z}_3
cyclic group of order 3
3\mathbb{Z}_3
SU(3)
A3
=
D3
cyclic group of order 4
4\mathbb{Z}_4
cyclic group of order 4
2D 2 42 D_2 \simeq \mathbb{Z}_4
SU(4)
\simeq
Spin(6)
D4dihedron on
bigon
Klein four-group
D 4 2× 2D_4 \simeq \mathbb{Z}_2 \times \mathbb{Z}_2
quaternion group
2D 42 D_4 \simeq Q8
SO(8), Spin(8)
D5dihedron on
triangle
dihedral group of order 6
D 6D_6
binary dihedral group of order 12
2D 62 D_6
SO(10), Spin(10)
D6dihedron on
square
dihedral group of order 8
D 8D_8
binary dihedral group of order 16
2D 82 D_{8}
SO(12), Spin(12)
D n4D_{n \geq 4}dihedron,
hosohedron
dihedral group
D 2(n2)D_{2(n-2)}
binary dihedral group
2D 2(n2)2 D_{2(n-2)}
special orthogonal group, spin group
SO(2n)SO(2n), Spin(2n)Spin(2n)
E 6E_6tetrahedrontetrahedral group
TT
binary tetrahedral group
2T2T
E6
E 7E_7cube,
octahedron
octahedral group
OO
binary octahedral group
2O2O
E7
E 8E_8dodecahedron,
icosahedron
icosahedral group
II
binary icosahedral group
2I2I
E8

Here for 5𝒩8 5 \leq \mathcal{N} \leq 8-supersymmetry then the action of G ADEG_{ADE} on S 7S^7 is via the canonical action of SU(2)SU(2) as in the quaternionic Hopf fibration (Medeiros-Figueroa 10), while for 𝒩=4\mathcal{N} = 4 then there is an extra twist to the action (MFFGME 09). See the table below.

In the presence of 4-flux

In the presence of non-vanishing C-field flux G 4G_4, the electric flux density of M2-branes is not G 7G 4G_7 \coloneqq \star G_4 alone, but receives corrections, first due to the quadratic C-field self-interaction in D=11 supergravity, but then also due to the shifted C-field flux quantization expected in M-theory:


The 11d supergravity literature states the corrected 7-flux to be the following combination, also known as the Page charge (due to Page 83 (8), Duff-Stelle 91 (43), reviewed e.g. in BLMP 13, p. 21):

(1)G˜ 7G 7+12C 3G 4, \widetilde G'_7 \;\coloneqq\; G_7 + \tfrac{1}{2} C_3 \wedge G_4 \,,

where the second term subtracts the electric flux induced by the self-intersection of the field, and also ensures that the full expression is a closed differential form if the naive 11d supergravity equations of motion hold:

dG˜ 7=0. d \widetilde G_7 \;=\; 0 \,.

But in fact (1) does not quite make general sense, for two reasons:

  1. In general G 4=0G_4 = 0 is not an admissible condition and is not the actual vanshing of the C-field, due to the shifted C-field flux quantization.

  2. Even if G 4G_4 happens to be integrally quantizaed (if 14p 1\tfrac{1}{4}p_1 is integral) the appearance of a globally defined C-field potential C 3C_3 in (1),means that the total flux actually does vanish after all.


Charge-quantized G˜ 7\widetilde G_7-flux with shifted C-field flux quantization (FSS 19b, Prop. 4.3, FSS 19c, Section 4)

Both of these issues are solved if the C-field is taken to be charge quantized in J-twisted Cohomotopy (Hypothesis H). This gives the corrected formula

(2)G˜ 7h *G 7+12H 3h *G˜ 4 \widetilde G_7 \;\coloneqq\; h^\ast G_7 + \tfrac{1}{2} H_3 \wedge h^\ast \widetilde G_4

where

  1. the expression lives on the homotopy pullback of the Sp(2)-parametrized quaternionic Hopf fibration

    hh Sp(2) h \coloneqq h_{\mathbb{H}}\sslash Sp(2)

    to spacetime, along the twisted Cohomotopy-cocycle that represents the C-field under Hypothesis H;

  2. G˜ 4h *G 4+14h *p 1()\widetilde G_4 \coloneqq h^\ast G_4 + \tfrac{1}{4}h^\ast p_1(\nabla) is the integral shifted C-field pulled back to that 3-spherical fibration over spacetime;

  3. dH 3=h *G 414h *p 1()d H_3 = h^\ast G_4 - \tfrac{1}{4}h^\ast p_1(\nabla) trivializes not the C-field itself, but its pullback, and not absolutely but relative to the background charge implied by shifted C-field flux quantization.

With the corrected 7-flux in twisted Cohomotopy it becomes true that

  1. the integral of G 7G_7 around the 7-sphere linking a black M2-brane is always integer (FSS 19c, Theorem 4.6);

  2. this integer satisfies the C-field tadpole cancellation condition (FSS 19b, Section 4.6).

Properties

Quantization via BFSS matrix model

A regularized quantization of the Green-Schwarz sigma-model for the M2-brane yields the BFSS matrix model (Nicolai-Helling 98, Dasgupta-Nicolai-Plefka 02).

In this correspondence, matrix blocks around the diagonal correspond to blobs of membrane, while off-diagonal matrix elements correspond to thin tubes of membrane connecting these blobs.

graphics grabbed from Dasgupta-Nicolai-Plefka 02

Worldvolume theory – BLG and ABJM

The worldvolume QFT of black M2-branes is a 3d superconformal gauge field theory:

ddNNsuperconformal super Lie algebraR-symmetryblack brane worldvolume
superconformal field theory
via AdS-CFT
A3A\phantom{A}3\phantom{A}A2k+1A\phantom{A}2k+1\phantom{A}AB(k,2)\phantom{A}B(k,2) \simeq osp(2k+1|4)A(2k+1 \vert 4)\phantom{A}ASO(2k+1)A\phantom{A}SO(2k+1)\phantom{A}
A3A\phantom{A}3\phantom{A}A2kA\phantom{A}2k\phantom{A}AD(k,2)\phantom{A}D(k,2)\simeq osp(2k|4)A(2k \vert 4)\phantom{A}ASO(2k)A\phantom{A}SO(2k)\phantom{A}M2-brane
D=3 SYM
BLG model
ABJM model
A4A\phantom{A}4\phantom{A}Ak+1A\phantom{A}k+1\phantom{A}AA(3,k)𝔰𝔩(4|k+1)A\phantom{A}A(3,k)\simeq \mathfrak{sl}(4 \vert k+1)\phantom{A}AU(k+1)A\phantom{A}U(k+1)\phantom{A}D3-brane
D=4 N=4 SYM
D=4 N=2 SYM
D=4 N=1 SYM
A5A\phantom{A}5\phantom{A}A1A\phantom{A}1\phantom{A}AF(4)A\phantom{A}F(4)\phantom{A}ASO(3)A\phantom{A}SO(3)\phantom{A}D4-brane
D=5 SYM
A6A\phantom{A}6\phantom{A}AkA\phantom{A}k\phantom{A}AD(4,k)\phantom{A}D(4,k) \simeq osp(8|2k)A(8 \vert 2k)\phantom{A}ASp(k)A\phantom{A}Sp(k)\phantom{A}M5-brane
D=6 N=(2,0) SCFT
D=6 N=(1,0) SCFT

(Shnider 88, also Nahm 78, see Minwalla 98, section 4.2)

Specifically, worldvolume quantum field theory of M2-branes sitting at ADE singularities (as above) is supposed to be described by ABJM theory and, for the special case of SU(2)SU(2) gauge group, by the BLG model. See also at gauge enhancement.

NN Killing spinors on
spherical space form S 7/G^S^7/\widehat{G}
AAG^=\phantom{AA}\widehat{G} =spin-lift of subgroup of
isometry group of 7-sphere
3d superconformal gauge field theory
on back M2-branes
with near horizon geometry AdS 4×S 7/G^AdS_4 \times S^7/\widehat{G}
AAN=8AA\phantom{AA}N = 8\phantom{AA}AA 2\phantom{AA}\mathbb{Z}_2cyclic group of order 2BLG model
AAN=7AA\phantom{AA}N = 7\phantom{AA}
AAN=6AA\phantom{AA}N = 6\phantom{AA}AA k>2\phantom{AA}\mathbb{Z}_{k\gt 2}cyclic groupABJM model
AAN=5AA\phantom{AA}N = 5\phantom{AA}AA2D k+2\phantom{AA}2 D_{k+2}
2T2 T, 2O2 O, 2I2 I
binary dihedral group,
binary tetrahedral group,
binary octahedral group,
binary icosahedral group
(HLLLP 08a, BHRSS 08)
AAN=4AA\phantom{AA}N = 4\phantom{AA}A2D k+2\phantom{A}2 D_{k+2}
2O2 O, 2I2 I
binary dihedral group,
binary octahedral group,
binary icosahedral group
(HLLLP 08b, Chen-Wu 10)

AdS4-CFT3 duality

Under AdS-CFT duality the M2-brane is given by AdS4-CFT3 duality. (Maldacena 97, section 3.2, Klebanov-Torri 10).


M2/M5 bound states

For M2-M5 brane bound states, i.e. bound states of M2-branes with M5-branes (dyonic M2-branes and giant gravitons), see the references below.

For the type II string theory-version see at NS5-brane the sectoin NS5/D4/D2 bound states.


M2-M5 brane bound states in the BMN matrix model

There is the suggestion (MSJVR 02, checked in AIST 17a, AIST 17b) that, in the BMN matrix model, supersymmetric M2-M5-brane bound states are identified with isomorphism classes of certain “limit sequences” of longitudinal-light cone-constant N×NN \times N-matrix-fields constituting finite-dimensional complex Lie algebra representations of su(2).

Traditional discussion

Concretely, if

i(N i (M2)N i (M5))𝔰𝔲(2) Rep fin \underset{ i }{\oplus} \big( N^{(M2)}_i \cdot \mathbf{N}^{(M5)}_i \big) \;\;\in\;\; \mathfrak{su}(2)_{\mathbb{C}}Rep^{fin}

denotes the representation containing

of the

  • N i (M5)N^{(M5)}_i-dimensional irrep N i (M5)𝔰𝔲(2) Rep\mathbf{N}^{(M5)}_i \in \mathfrak{su}(2)_{\mathbb{C}}Rep

(for {N i (M2),N i (M5)} i(×) I\{N^{(M2)}_i, N^{(M5)}_i\}_{i} \in (\mathbb{N} \times \mathbb{N})^I some finitely indexed set of pairs of natural numbers)

with total dimension

Ndim(i(N i (M2)N i (M5))) N \;\coloneqq\; dim \big( \underset{ i }{\oplus} \big( N^{(M2)}_i \cdot \mathbf{N}^{(M5)}_i \big) \big)

then:

  1. a configuration of a finite number of stacks of coincident M5-branes corresponds to a sequence of such representations for which

    1. N i (M2)N^{(M2)}_i \to \infty (this being the relevant large N limit)

    2. for fixed N i (M5)N^{(M5)}_i (being the number of M5-branes in the iith stack)

    3. and fixed ratios N i (M2)/NN^{(M2)}_i/N (being the charge/light-cone momentum carried by the iith stack);

  2. an M2-brane configuration corresponds to a sequence of such representations for which

    1. N i (M5)N^{(M5)}_i \to \infty (this being the relevant large N limit)

    2. for fixed N i (M2)N^{(M2)}_i (being the number of M2-brane in the iith stack)

    3. and fixed ratios N i (M5)/NN^{(M5)}_i/N (being the charge/light-cone momentum carried by the iith stack)

for all iIi \in I.

Hence, by extension, any other sequence of finite-dimensional 𝔰𝔲(2)\mathfrak{su}(2)-representations is a kind of mixture of these two cases, interpreted as an M2-M5 brane bound state of sorts.

Formalization via weight systems on chord diagrams

To make this precise, let

𝔰𝔲(2) MetMod /Set \mathfrak{su}(2)_{\mathbb{C}} MetMod_{/\sim} \;\in\; Set

be the set of isomorphism classes of complex metric Lie representations (hence finite-dimensional representations) of su(2) (hence of the special linear Lie algebra 𝔰𝔩(2,C)\mathfrak{sl}(2,C)) and write

Span(𝔰𝔲(2) MetMod /)Vect Span \big( \mathfrak{su}(2)_{\mathbb{C}} MetMod_{/\sim} \big) \;\in\; Vect_{\mathbb{C}}

for its linear span (the complex vector space of formal linear combinations of isomorphism classes of metric Lie representations).

Finally, write

Span(𝔰𝔲(2) MetMod /) (𝒲 s) deg c 1V 1+c 2V 2 c 1w V 1+c 2w V 2 \array{ Span \big( \mathfrak{su}(2)_{\mathbb{C}}MetMod_{/\sim} \big) & \longrightarrow & \big( \mathcal{W}^{{}^{s}} \big)^{deg} \\ c_1 \cdot V_1 + c_2 \cdot V_2 &\mapsto& c_1 \cdot w_{V_1} + c_2 \cdot w_{V_2} }

for the linear map which sends a formal linear combination of representations to the weight system on Sullivan chord diagrams with degdeg \in \mathbb{N} chords which is given by tracing in the given representation.

Then a M2-M5-brane bound state as in the traditional discussion above, but now formalized as an su(2)-weight system

Ψ {N i (M2),N i (M5)} ideg(𝒲 s) deg \Psi_{ \left\{ N^{(M2)}_i, N^{(M5)}_i \right\}_{i} } \;\in\; \underset{ deg \in \mathbb{N} }{\prod} \big( \mathcal{W}^{{}^{\mathrm{s}}} \big)^{deg}

hence a weight system horizontal chord diagrams closed to Sullivan chord diagrams, these now being the multi-trace observables on these) is

(3)Ψ {N i (M2),N i (M5)} i4π2 2deg iN i (M2)i(N i (M2)1((N i (M5)) 21) 1+2degN i (M5)) \Psi_{ \left\{ N^{(M2)}_i, N^{(M5)}_i \right\}_{i} } \;\coloneqq\; \tfrac{ 4 \pi \, 2^{2\,deg} }{ \sum_i N^{(M2)}_i } \underset{i}{\sum} \left( N^{(M2)}_i \cdot \tfrac{1}{ \left( \sqrt{ \left( N^{(M5)}_i \right)^2 - 1 } \right)^{1 + 2 deg} } \mathbf{N}^{(M5)}_i \right)

(from Sati-Schreiber 19c)

Normalization and large NN limit. The first power of the square root in (3) reflects the volume measure on the fuzzy 2-sphere (by the formula here), while the power of 2deg2\,deg (which is the number of operators in the multi-trace observable evaluating the weight system) gives the normalization (here) of the functions on the fuzzy 2-sphere.

Hence this normalization is such that the single-trace observables among the multi-trace observables, hence those which come from round chord diagrams, coincide on those M2-M5 brane bound states Ψ {N i (M2),N i (M5)} i \Psi_{ \left\{ N^{(M2)}_i, N^{(M5)}_i \right\}_{i} } for which N i (M2)=δ i i 0N (M2)N^{(M2)}_i = \delta_i^{i_0} N^{(M2)}, hence those which have a single constitutent fuzzy 2-sphere, with the shape observables on single fuzzy 2-spheres discussed here:

(from Sati-Schreiber 19c)

Therefore, with this normalization, the limits N (M2)N^{(M2)} \to \infty and N (M5)N^{(M5)} \to \infty of (3) should exist in weight systems. The former trivially so, the latter by the usual convergence of the fuzzy 2-sphere to the round 2-sphere in the large N limit.

Notice that the multi trace observables on these states only see the relative radii of the constitutent fuzzy 2-spheres: If N i (M2)=δ i i 0N (M2)N^{(M2)}_i = \delta_i^{i_0} N^{(M2)} then the N (M2)N^{(M2)}-dependence of (3) cancels out, reflecting the fact that then there is only a single constituent 2-sphere of which the observable sees only the radius fluctuations, not the absolute radius (proportional to N (M2)N^{(M2)}).


Table of branes appearing in supergravity/string theory (for classification see at brane scan).

branein supergravitycharged under gauge fieldhas worldvolume theory
black branesupergravityhigher gauge fieldSCFT
D-branetype IIRR-fieldsuper Yang-Mills theory
(D=2n)(D = 2n)type IIA\,\,
D(-2)-brane\,\,
D0-brane\,\,BFSS matrix model
D2-brane\,\,\,
D4-brane\,\,D=5 super Yang-Mills theory with Khovanov homology observables
D6-brane\,\,D=7 super Yang-Mills theory
D8-brane\,\,
(D=2n+1)(D = 2n+1)type IIB\,\,
D(-1)-brane\,\,\,
D1-brane\,\,2d CFT with BH entropy
D3-brane\,\,N=4 D=4 super Yang-Mills theory
D5-brane\,\,\,
D7-brane\,\,\,
D9-brane\,\,\,
(p,q)-string\,\,\,
(D25-brane)(bosonic string theory)
NS-branetype I, II, heteroticcircle n-connection\,
string\,B2-field2d SCFT
NS5-brane\,B6-fieldlittle string theory
D-brane for topological string\,
A-brane\,
B-brane\,
M-brane11D SuGra/M-theorycircle n-connection\,
M2-brane\,C3-fieldABJM theory, BLG model
M5-brane\,C6-field6d (2,0)-superconformal QFT
M9-brane/O9-planeheterotic string theory
M-wave
topological M2-branetopological M-theoryC3-field on G₂-manifold
topological M5-brane\,C6-field on G₂-manifold
S-brane
SM2-brane,
membrane instanton
M5-brane instanton
D3-brane instanton
solitons on M5-brane6d (2,0)-superconformal QFT
self-dual stringself-dual B-field
3-brane in 6d

References

Super-membrane/M2-brane as a sigma model

The Green-Schwarz sigma-model-type formulation of the super-membrane in 11d (as in the brane scan and in contrast to the black brane-solutions of 11d supergravity) first appears in:

Via the superembedding approach the equations of motion were obtained in

and the Lagrangian density in:

The double dimensional reduction of the M2-brane to the Green-Schwarz superstring was observed in

around the time when M-theory became accepted due to

See also

Discussion from the point of view of Green-Schwarz action functional-∞-Wess-Zumino-Witten theory:

On possible structures in M2-brane dynamics and M2-M5-brane bound states which could be M-theory-lifts of the familiar integrability of the Green-Schwarz superstring on AdS 5 AdS_5 ×\times S 5 S^5 :

Quantization of the M2-brane sigma-model to a matrix model

The Poisson bracket-formulation of the classical light-cone gauge Hamiltonian for the bosonic relativistic membrane and the corresponding matrix commutator regularization is due to:

Some exact solutions:

On the regularized light-cone gauge quantization of the Green-Schwarz sigma model for the M2-brane on (super) Minkowski spacetime, yielding the BFSS matrix model:

Original articles:

Observation that the spectrum is continuous:

Review:

The generalization to pp-wave spacetimes (leading to the BMN matrix model):

See also

A new kind of perturbation series for the quantized super-membrane:

Relation to the string dilaton under double dimensional reduction:

As a black brane

The black membrane solution of 11-dimensional supergravity was found in

Its regularity across the event horizon is due to

Further discussion of such Freund-Rubin compactifications:

The Horava-Witten-orientifold of the black M2, supposedly yielding the black heterotic string is discussed in

  • Zygmunt Lalak, André Lukas, Burt Ovrut, Soliton Solutions of M-theory on an Orbifold, Phys. Lett. B425 (1998) 59-70 (arXiv:hep-th/9709214)

  • Ken Kashima, The M2-brane Solution of Heterotic M-theory with the Gauss-Bonnet R 2R^2 terms, Prog.Theor.Phys. 105 (2001) 301-321 (arXiv:hep-th/0010286)

Meanwhile AdS-CFT duality was recognized in

where a dual description of the worldvolume theory of M2-brane appears in section 3.2. More on this is in

An account of the history as of 1999 is in

More recent review is in

  • Georgios Linardopoulos, chapter 13 of Classical Strings and Membranes in the AdS/CFT Correspondence (pdf, spire)

A detailed discussion of this black brane-realization of the M2-brane and its relation to AdS-CFT is in

The generalization of this to 1/2\geq 1/2 BPS sugra solutions of the form AdS 4×X 7AdS_4 \times X_7 is due to

Further solutions:

Discussion of G 7G_7-C-field flux quantization in the G 4G_4-fluxed case:

Domenico Fiorenza, Hisham Sati, Urs Schreiber, Prop. 4.31 of: Twisted Cohomotopy implies M-theory anomaly cancellation (arXiv:1904.10207)

In AdS 4/CFT 3AdS_4/CFT_3

In AdS4-CFT3 duality:

Review:

History

Decoupled worldvolume theory

On the BLG model/ABJM model for the worldvolume-theory of coincident M2-branes see there.

Review:

Dualities

The role of and the relation to duality in string theory of the membrane is discussed in the following articles.

Relation to T-duality is discussed in:

  • J.G. Russo, T-duality in M-theory and supermembranes (arXiv:hep-th/9701188)

  • M.P. Garcia del Moral, J.M. Pena, A. Restuccia, T-duality Invariance of the Supermembrane (arXiv:1211.2434)

Relation to U-duality is discussed in:

Discussion from the point of view of E11-U-duality and current algebra is in

M2-M5 bound states

Discussion of M2-M5 brane bound states, i.e. dyonic\,black M2-branes (M5-branes wrapped on a 3-manifold, see also at NS5-branes – D2/D4/NS5-bound states):

Further M2/M5-brane bound states to giant gravitons:

  • J. M. Camino, A. V. Ramallo, M-Theory Giant Gravitons with C field, Phys. Lett. B525:337-346, 2002 (arXiv:hep-th/0110096)

Last revised on July 11, 2024 at 07:43:48. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.