This entry describes a concrete formalization of the general notion of state in the context of quantum probability theory and algebraic quantum field theory and operator algebra. For other conceptualizations of states see there.
algebraic quantum field theory (perturbative, on curved spacetimes, homotopical)
quantum mechanical system, quantum probability
interacting field quantization
The concept of state on a star-algebra is the formalization of the general idea of states from the point of view of quantum probability theory and algebraic quantum theory.
In order to motivate the definition from more traditional formulations in physics, recall that there a state is the information that allows to assign to each observable the expectation value that this observable has when the physical system is assumed to be in that state.
Often this is formalized in the Schrödinger picture where a Hilbert space of states is taken as primary, and the observables are represented as suitable linear operators on . Then for a state (pure state) the expectation value of in this state is the inner product . This defines a linear function
on the algebra of observables , satisfying some extra properties.
Conversely, in the Heisenberg picture one may take the “abstract” algebra of observables as primary (i.e. not necessarily manifested as an operator algebra), and declare that a state is any linear functional
which is positive in that and normalized in that . Under suitable conditions a Hilbert space of states may be (re-)constructed from this a posteriori via the GNS construction.
Traditionally this definition is considered for algebras of observables which are C*-algebras (as usually required for non-perturbative quantum field theory, see e.g. Fredenhagen 03, section 2Landsman 2017, Def. 2.4), but the definition makes sense generally for plain star-algebras (Meyer 95, I.1.1), such as for instance for the formal power series algebras that appear in perturbative quantum field theory (e.g. Bordemann-Waldmann 96, def. 1, Fredenhagen-Rejzner 12, def. 2.4, Khavkine-Moretti 15, def. 6, Dütsch 18, def. 2.11).
The perspective that states are normalized positive linear functionals on the algebra of observables is implicit in traditional perturbative quantum field theory, where it is encoded in the 2-point function corresponding to a vacuum state or more generally a quasi-free quantum state (the Hadamard propagator). The perspective is made explicit in algebraic quantum field theory (see e.g. Fredenhagen 03, section 2) and for star-algebras of observables that are not necessarily C*-algebras in perturbative algebraic quantum field theory (e.g. Bordemann-Waldmann 96, Fredenhagen-Rejzner 12, def. 2.4, Khavkine-Moretti 15, def. 6, Dütsch 18, def. 2.11).
(state on a unital star algebra)
Let be a unital star-algebra over the complex numbers . A state on is a linear function
such that
(positivity) for all the value of on the product is
as such non-negative:
(normalization)
for the unit in the algebra.
(e.g. Meyer 95, I.1.1, Bordemann-Waldmann 96, Fredenhagen-Rejzner 12, def. 2.4, Khavkine-Moretti 15, def. 6, Landsman 2017, Def. 2.4)
(probability theoretic interpretation of state on a star-algebra)
A star algebra equipped with a state is also called a quantum probability space, at least when is in fact a von Neumann algebra.
(states form a convex set)
For a unital star-algebra, the set of states on according to def. is naturally a convex set: For two states then for every also the linear combination
is a state.
A state on a unital star-algebra (def. ) is called a pure state if it is extremal in the convex set of all states (remark ) in that an identification
for implies that (hence ).
The following discusses states specifically on C*-algebras.
An element of an (abstract) -algebra is called positive if it is self-adjoint and its spectrum is contained in . We write and say that the set of all positive operators is the positive cone (of a given -algebra).
This definition is motivated by the Hilbert space situation, where an operator is called positive if for every vector the inequality holds. If the abstract -algebra of the definition above is represented on a Hilbert space, then we see that by functional calculus we can define a self adjoint operator by with and get . This shows that the positive elements of the abstract algebra, if represented on a Hilbert space, become positive operators as defined here in the Hilbert space setting.
A linear functional on an -algebra is positive if implies that .
A state of a unital -algebra is linear functional such that is positive and .
Though the mathematical notion of state is already close to what physicists have in mind, they usually restrict the set of states further and consider normal states only. We let be an -algebra and an representation of on a Hilbert space .
A normal state is a state that satisfies one of the following equivalent conditions:
is weak-operator continuous on the unit ball of .
is strong-operator continuous on the unit ball .
is ultra-weak continuous.
There is an operator of trace class of with such that for all .
This appears as KadisonRingrose, def. 7.1.11, theorem 7.1.12
This list is not complete, there are more commonly used equivalent characterizations of normal states.
The last one is most frequently used by physicists, in that context the operator is also called a density matrix or density operator.
Sometimes the observables of a system are described by an abstract -algebra, in this case an important notion is the folium:
The folium of a representation of an -algebra on a Hilbert space is the set of normal states of .
A state of a representation is called a vector state if there is a such that for all .
Normal states are vector states if is a von Neumann algebra with a separating vector. More precisely: Let be a von Neumman algebra acting on a Hilbert space , let be a normal state of and be a separating vector for , then there is a such that for all .
This appears as KadisonRingrose, theorem 7.2.3.
The set of states of an -algebra is sometimes called the state space.
The state space is non-empty (define a state on the subalgebra and extend it to the whole -algebra via the Hahn-Banach theorem), convex and weak-compact, so it has extreme points. By the Krein-Milman theorem? (see Wikipedia: Krein-Milman theorem) it is the weak-closure of its extreme points.
A pure state is a state that is an extreme point of the state space.
The term “pure” originates from the notion of entanglement, a pure state is not a mixture of two distinct other states.
(classical probability measure as state on measurable functions)
For a locally compact Hausdorff space equipped with a compatible structure of a classical probability space, hence a measure space which normalized total measure , let be the algebra of continuous function with values in the complex numbers and vanishing at infinity, regarded as a star algebra by pointwise complex conjugation. Then forming the expectation value with respect to defines a state (def. ):
(e.g. Landsman 2017, p. 16-17)
(elements of a Hilbert space as pure states on bounded operators)
Let be a complex separable Hilbert space with inner product and let be the algebra of bounded operators, regarded as a star algebra under forming adjoint operators. Then for every element of unit norm there is the state (def. ) given by
These are pure states (def. ).
More general states in this case are given by density matrices.
(mixtures, convex combinations)
For , let
be a -tuple of states;
,
be a probability distribution on the finite set
then the convex combination
is another state on the star-algebra .
(operator-state correspondence)
For a state, with a non-null observable , , then also
is a state.
To check positivity (1), we compute for any as follows:
where the first step is the definition (3) the second step uses the anti-homomorphisms-property of the star-involution, and the last step follows by the assumed positivivity of .
To check normalization (2), we observe that:
See at Fell's theorem.
See at Gleason's theorem.
Paul-André Meyer, Section I.1.1 in: Quantum Probability for Probabilists, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1538, Springer 1995 (doi:10.1007/BFb0084701)
Jonathan Gleason, The -algebraic formalism of quantum mechanics, 2009 (pdf, pdf)
With an eye towards density matrices and their entropy:
With an eye towards Gelfand-Tsetlin algebras and in the generality of conditional expectation values:
Richard Kadison, John Ringrose, Fundamentals of the theory of operator algebras, AMS (1991)
Martin Bordemann, Stefan Waldmann, Formal GNS Construction and States in Deformation Quantization, Commun. Math. Phys. (1998) 195: 549. (arXiv:q-alg/9607019, doi:10.1007/s002200050402)
Klaus Fredenhagen, section 2 of Algebraische Quantenfeldtheorie, lecture notes, 2003 (pdf)
Hans Halvorson, Michael Müger, def. 1.11 in Algebraic Quantum Field Theory (arXiv:math-ph/0602036)
Klaus Fredenhagen, Katarzyna Rejzner, definition 2.4 in Perturbative algebraic quantum field theory, In Mathematical Aspects of Quantum Field Theories, Springer 2016 (arXiv:1208.1428)
Igor Khavkine, Valter Moretti, Algebraic QFT in Curved Spacetime and quasifree Hadamard states: an introduction, Chapter 5 in Romeo Brunetti et al. (eds.) Advances in Algebraic Quantum Field Theory, Springer, 2015 (arXiv:1412.5945)
Katarzyna Rejzner, section 2.1.2 of Perturbative Algebraic Quantum Field Theory, Mathematical Physics Studies, Springer 2016 (web)
Klaus Fredenhagen, Falk Lindner, Construction of KMS States in Perturbative QFT and Renormalized Hamiltonian Dynamics, Communications in Mathematical Physics Volume 332, Issue 3, pp 895-932, 2014-12-01 (arXiv:1306.6519)
Klaas Landsman, around def. 2.4 in Foundations of quantum theory – From classical concepts to Operator algebras, Springer Open 2017 (doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51777-3, pdf)
Michael Dütsch, section 2.5 of From classical field theory to perturbative quantum field theory, 2018
Nicolò Drago, Valter Moretti, The notion of observable and the moment problem for -algebras and their GNS representations (doi:1903.07496, spire:1725528)
For more references see at operator algebra.
Last revised on December 7, 2021 at 10:18:08. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.