nLab spinning string

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Contents

Context

String theory

Quantum field theory

Physics

physics, mathematical physics, philosophy of physics

Surveys, textbooks and lecture notes


theory (physics), model (physics)

experiment, measurement, computable physics

Contents

Idea

The spinning string is a variant of the string in direct analogy (but one worldvolume dimension higher) to how the spinning particle is a variant of the particle.

(Which means that “spinning” here is not in the sense of “rotating”, but in the sense of the kind of “intrinsic” spin as exhibited by fermion particles. A spinning string can rotate in addition to its intrinsic spin.)

And just as as the spinning particle automatically exhibits local worldline supersymmetry, the spinning string automatically exhibits local worldsheet supersymmetry. For that reason it is today almost exclusively known as the superstring .

In fact, the very notion of supersymmetry was realized (in parallel to its independent discovery in Russia) when people noticed that the spinning string sigma-model – also called the Neveu-Schwarz-Ramond model (NSR model) – automatically exhibits this extra graded symmetry.

When supplemented with an operation called the GSO projection, the second quantization of the spinning string – its effective target spacetime theory – also becomes a locally supersymmetric theory: spacetime supergravity.

There are other formulations of the superstring which are thought to be equivalent in some sense. Notably the Green-Schwarz superstring is a sigma-model which is not supersymmetric on the worldsheet but instead takes values in a genuine spacetime supermanifold.

manifest supersymmetry for brane sigma-models:

manifest worldvolume supersymmetrymanifest target+worldvolume supersymmetrymanifest target space supersymmetry
NSR action functionalsuperembedding approachGreen-Schwarz action functional

graphics grabbed from FSS19c

References

General

The original articles that formulated the NSR model:

Original articles that realize the local worldsheet supersymmetry of the spinning string (via the supersymmetric Polyakov action):

Further on the spinning string’s worldsheet theory as D=2D=2 supergravity formulated in superspace:

Definition of the NSR string in RR-field backgrounds is subtle (in contrast to the classical Green-Schwarz superstring), discussion is in:

See also

  • Nathan Benjamin, Ying-Hsuan Lin, Lessons from the Ramond sector (arXiv:2005.02394)

Relation to the Berkovits superstring:

GSO projection and spacetime supersymmetry

The GSO projection and the conjecture that this makes also the target space theory of the spinning string locally supersymmetric is due to

  • F. Gliozzi, Joël Scherk, D. I. Olive, Supergravity and its spinor dual model, Phys. Letters B65, 282 (1976)

  • F. Gliozzi, Joël Scherk, D. I. Olive, Supersymmetry, supergravity theories and the dual spinor model , Nucl. Phys, B122, 253 (1977)

The demonstration of this fact is due to

  • Michael Green, John Schwarz,

    Supersymmetrical dual string theory , Nucl. Phys. B181 (1981) 502;

    Supersymmetrical string theories , Phys. Lett. 109B (1982) 444.

Superconformal invariance of the spinning string was discussed in

  • Paul Howe, Super Weyl transformations in two dimensions J. Phys. 12 (1979) 393.

A decent account is in

  • Imre Majer, Superstrings (pdf, pdf)

A review of the history of these developments is in

An exposition of some technical aspects is in the wiki

Reviews and survays are also in any text on string theory. See the references there for more detail.

BRST description

Discussion of the BRST complex of the NSR string:

Last revised on August 22, 2024 at 11:12:16. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.