This page is about the notion in homotopy type theory. For parallel transport via connections in differential geometry see there. For the relation see below.
natural deduction metalanguage, practical foundations
type theory (dependent, intensional, observational type theory, homotopy type theory)
computational trinitarianism =
propositions as types +programs as proofs +relation type theory/category theory
equality (definitional, propositional, computational, judgemental, extensional, intensional, decidable)
isomorphism, weak equivalence, homotopy equivalence, weak homotopy equivalence, equivalence in an (∞,1)-category
Examples.
Gottfried Leibniz said (in translation from Lewis 1918, p. 373 with original Latin terms in parenthesis; see also Cartwright 1971, p. 119 and Gries & Schneider 1998)
Two terms are the same (eadem) if one can be substituted for the otherwithout altering the truth of any statement (salva veritate). If we have and , and enters into some true proposition, and the substitution of for wherever it appears results in a new proposition that is likewise true, and if this can be done for every proposition, then and are said to be the same; conversely, if and are the same, they can be substituted for one another.
The converse mentioned at the end of the last sentence is known as the principle of substitution or the indiscernibility of identicals. In any simply typed first-order theory, given a predicate on , this principle is formalized as the following
In the interpretation of propositions as types in type theory, propositions are interpreted as types, and the above statement has a generalization from the types which are propositions to all types: the universal quantifier becomes a dependent product type, the predicate becomes a type family, implication becomes an a function type, and logical equivalence of propositions becomes an equivalence type. This results in what is known as transport in type theory, which for the type and the type family results in the dependent function:
Assuming that the type theory has uniqueness quantifiers, a type , a family of types , elements and , and an identity , there is a family of elements between the types and called transport
and a witness
that for all there exists a unique elemnt up to identity such that .
If one is inductively defining transport, then one additionally has to add that
which specifies how transport across reflexivity behaves.
Alternatively, one could specify that there is an equivalence between the dependent identity type and the identity type
One then specifies how transport across reflexivity behaves by using the dependent function application to reflexivity.
There are multiple notions of equivalence types in dependent type theory, which can be used for a definition of univalence for a type universe ; these include
Thus, given a notion of equivalence type , a type , a family of types , elements and , and an identity , there is an equivalence between the types and called transport
The transport equivalence is called judgmentally strict transport if the equivalence type is a judgmentally strict equivalence type, and similarly it is called propositionally strict transport if the equivalence type is a propositionally strict equivalence type. It is called weak transport if the equivalence type is a weak equivalence type.
In some presentations of the equivalence type, transport is formed by one of the introduction rules for the equivalence type:
For the inductive definition of transport, there are also computation rules given by
depending on whether the the computation rules for identity types use judgmental equality, propositional equality, or the identity type.
Alternatively, one has the dependent function application to identities for the computation rules for transport:
depending on whether the equivalence type uses judgmental equality, propositional equality, or the identity type in its computation rules.
Tarski universes are types which behave like internal models of dependent type theory inside of the type theory itself. We use a very general notion of Tarski universe: a Tarski universe merely consists of a type of encodings for types and a universal type family . Given an encoding , an internal type family indexed by is a function .
There are two ways to say that and are the same, by way of the identity type of the Tarski universe , and by way of the type of equivalences between the type reflections of and , . By transport, there is a canonical function
The Tarski universe is then said to be a univalent universe if the transport function is an equivalence of types
for all encodings and .
One could also internalize the type of equivalences inside of the Tarski universe , but that requires the Tarski universe be closed under identity types, dependent product types, and dependent sum types.
A Tarski universe is weakly closed under identity types if it has an internal encoding of identity types in the Tarski universe: Given an element , there is a function and for all elemments and an equivalence
A Tarski universe is weakly closed under dependent product types if it has an internal encoding of dependent product types in the Tarski universe: given an element and a function , there is an element , and an equivalence
A Tarski universe is weakly closed under dependent sum types if it has an internal encoding of dependent sum types in the Tarski universe: given an element and a function , there is an element , and an equivalence
Every Tarski universe which is weakly closed under identity types, dependent product types, and dependent sum types types has an internal encoding of type of equivalences , defined for all and as
with defined by whatever suitable definition of equivalence in homotopy type theory.
Thus, there is a third way to say that and are the same, by way of the type reflection of the internal encoding of the type of equivalences: . It could be proven, from the closure of the universe under identity types, dependent product types, and dependent sum types, that there is an equivalence
There is a more common definition of a univalent Tarski universe: a Tarski universe is a univalent universe if the canonical function
is an equivalence
These two definitions of univalent universes are the same. In order to show that the two definitions are the same, we need to show that there is an identification
for all identifications . By the J rule it is enough to show that maps the identity function of to the identity function of . Since the identity function in is just the above statement is always true. Thus, the second definition of a univalent universe is equivalent to the definition by transport.
These results apply to strictly Tarski universes as well, which are strictly closed rather than weakly closed (the equivalences become definitional equality): since implies that for types and , every strictly Tarski universe is weakly Tarski.
(relation to parallel transport – dcct §3.8.5, ScSh12 §3.1.2)
In cohesive homotopy type theory the shape modality has the interpretation of turning any cohesive type into its path -groupoid : The 1-morphisms of have the interpretation of being (whatever identities existed in composed with) cohesive (e.g. continuous or smooth) paths in , and similarly for the higher order paths-of-paths.
Accordingly, an -dependent type has the interpretation of being a “local system” of -coefficients over , namely a -fiber -bundle equipped with a flat -connection.
In this case, the identity transport (1) along paths in has the interpretation of being the parallel transport (in the original sense of differential geometry) with respect to this flat -connection (and the higher parallel transport when applied to paths-of-paths).
The traditional notion of the “transport” in algebraic topology (via the fundamental theorem of covering spaces and more generally via the notion of Serre fibrations):
The notion in homotopy type theory:
UVP, §2.3 “Type families and fibrations” in: Homotopy Type Theory – Univalent Foundations of Mathematics (2013)
Egbert Rijke: §5.4 in: Introduction to Homotopy Type Theory Cambridge University Press (2023) [arXiv:2212.11082&rbrack
Egbert Rijke, pp. 18 in: Homotopy Type Theory (2012) [pdf]
Implementation in Agda:
Leibniz’s original paragraph (from an unpublished manuscript probably written after 1683) is reproduced in the Latin Original in
and in English translation in:
and further discussed in:
Richard Cartwright, Identity and Substitutivity, p. 119-133 of: Milton Munitz (ed.) Identity and Individuation, New York University Press (1971) [pdf]
David Gries, Fred Schneider, Formalizations Of Substitution Of Equals For Equals (1998) [pdf, ecommons:1813/7340
The understanding of transport in HoTT as expressing Leibniz‘s principle of “indiscernibility of identicals” (aka “substitution of equals”, “substitutivity”) has been made explicit in:
James Ladyman, Stuart Presnell, §6.3 in: Identity in Homotopy Type Theory, Part I: The Justification of Path Induction, Philosophia Mathematica 23 3 (2015) 386–406 [doi:10.1093/philmat/nkv014, pdf]
Benedikt Ahrens, Paige Randall North, §3.1 in: Univalent foundations and the equivalence principle, in: Reflections on the Foundations of Mathematics, Synthese Library 407 Springer (2019) [arXiv:2202.01892, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-15655-8]
The converse implication of path induction from transport (together with the uniqueness principle for id-types) is made explicit in:
Lennard Götz, §4.2 of: Martin-Löf’s J-rule, LMU (2018) [pdf]
For the role of transport in defining an equivalent notion of univalence in weakly Tarski universes, see:
Last revised on April 25, 2023 at 11:27:17. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.