algebraic quantum field theory (perturbative, on curved spacetimes, homotopical)
quantum mechanical system, quantum probability
interacting field quantization
fields and particles in particle physics
and in the standard model of particle physics:
matter field fermions (spinors, Dirac fields)
| flavors of fundamental fermions in the standard model of particle physics: | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| generation of fermions | 1st generation | 2nd generation | 3d generation |
| quarks () | |||
| up-type | up quark () | charm quark () | top quark () |
| down-type | down quark () | strange quark () | bottom quark () |
| leptons | |||
| charged | electron | muon | tauon |
| neutral | electron neutrino | muon neutrino | tau neutrino |
| bound states: | |||
| mesons | light mesons: pion () ρ-meson () ω-meson () f1-meson a1-meson | strange-mesons: ϕ-meson (), kaon, K*-meson (, ) eta-meson () charmed heavy mesons: D-meson (, , ) J/ψ-meson () | bottom heavy mesons: B-meson () ϒ-meson () |
| baryons | nucleons: proton neutron |
(also: antiparticles)
hadrons (bound states of the above quarks)
minimally extended supersymmetric standard model
bosinos:
dark matter candidates
Exotica
In quantum hadrodynamics, the D-term is a subtle conserved charge of hadrons (alongside the well-known charges of mass, spin and electric charge), which may be understood as a limit of a gravitational form factor. Accordingly, the most natural way to measure the D-term charge for any particle is (or would be) via scattering with gravitons and, as a result, there is currently no experimental determination of the D-term of any particle.
But more indirect measurements of the D-term may be possible (cf. BEG18), such as at a future electron-ion collider, the vague prospect of which recently led to renewed attention of the problem (see FHSU22, p. 1).
Generally, it is expected that the D-term must be negative for otherwise hadrons would seem to be unstable.
A computation of the D-term via holographic QCD is claimed in FHSU22, whose authors indeed find a (small and) negative value.
Original articles:
I Yu Kobzarev, L B Okun, On gravitational interaction of fermions, Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 43 (1962) 1904-1909 osti:4744739 (in Russian)
Heinz Pagels, Energy-Momentum Structure Form Factors of Particles, Phys. Rev. 144 (1966) 1250 doi:10.1103/PhysRev.144.1250
Maxim V. Polyakov, C. Weiss, Skewed and double distributions in pion and nucleon arXiv:hep-ph/9902451
Maxim V. Polyakov, Peter Schweitzer, D-term, strong forces in the nucleon, and their applications arXiv:1801.05858, spire:1648787
Review:
Experimental measurement:
Computation/prediction of the D-term for hadrons via holographic QCD, specifically via D4-D8-brane bound states:
Last revised on June 15, 2022 at 09:50:51. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.