algebraic quantum field theory (perturbative, on curved spacetimes, homotopical)
quantum mechanical system, quantum probability
interacting field quantization
While fundamental physics is at some level well described by quantum field theory, a typical Lagrangian used to define such a QFT can reasonably be expected to define only degrees of freedom and interactions that are relevant up to some given energy scale. In this perspective one speaks of the theory as being the effective quantum field theory of some – possibly known but possibly unspecified – more fundamental theory.
An example (historically the first to be successfully considered) is the Fermi theory of beta decay of hadrons: this contains interactions of four fermions at a time, for instance a process in which a neutron decays into a collection consisting of a proton, an electron and a neutrino. Later it was discovered that, more fundamentally, this is not a single reaction but is composed out of several other interactions that involve exchanges of W-bosons between these four particles. Nevertheless, Fermi’s original effective theory made very precise predictions at energy scales less than 10 MeV. The reason is that the -boson has mass several orders of magnitude higher than that (about 80 GeV) and was thus effectively invisible at these low energies.
The low energy expansion of any unitary, relativistic, crossing symmetric S-matrix can be described by an effective quantum field theory.
In the perspective of effective field theory notably non-renormalizable interaction Lagrangians can still make perfect sense as effective theories and give rise to well defined predictions: they can be effective approximations to renormalizable more fundamental theories. This is sometimes called a UV completion of the given effective theory.
For instance quantum gravity – which is notoriously non-renormalizable? – makes perfect sense as an effective field theory (see for instance the introduction in (Donoghue). It is in principle possible that there is some more fundamental theory with plenty of excitations at high energies that is however degreewise finite in perturbation theory, whose effective description at low energy is given by the non-renormalizable Einstein-Hilbert action. (For instance, string theory is meant to be such a theory.)
The concept of effective perturbative QFT has a precise formulation in the rigoruous context of causal perturbation theory/perturbative AQFT:
Effective quantum field theory has traditioanlly been discussed informally, referring to path integral intuition:
We discuss the rigorous formulation of effective perturbative QFT in terms of causal perturbation theory/perturbative AQFT, due to (Brunetti-Dütsch-Fredenhagen 09, section 5.2, Dütsch 10), reviewed in Dütsch 18, section 3.8).
Let be a gauge fixed relativistic free vacuum over Minkowski spacetime (according to this def.), where is the corresponding Wightman propagator inducing the Feynman propagator
by .
Then a choice of UV cutoffs for perturbative QFT around this vacuum is a collection of non-singular distributions parameterized by positive real numbers
such that:
each satisfies the following basic properties
(translation invariance)
(symmetry)
i.e.
the limit of the as exists and is zero
the limit of the as exists and is the Feynman propagator:
example: relativistic momentum cutoff with -regularization (Keller-Kopper-Schophaus 97, section 6.1, Dütsch 18, example 3.126)
Let be a gauge fixed relativistic free vacuum (according to this def.) and let be a choice of UV cutoffs for perturbative QFT around this vacuum (def. ).
We say that the effective S-matrix scheme at cutoff scale
is the exponential series
with respect to the star product induced by the (this def.).
This is evidently defined on all polynomial observables as shown, and restricts to an endomorphism on microcausal polynomial observables as shown, since the contraction coefficients are non-singular distributions, by definition of UV cutoff.
(("re"-)normalization via UV regularization)
Let be a gauge fixed relativistic free vacuum (according to this def.) and let a polynomial local observable, regarded as an adiabatically switched interaction action functional.
Let moreover be a UV cutoff (def. ); with the induced effective S-matrix schemes (1).
Then
there exists a -parameterized interaction vertex redefinition (this def.) such that the limit of effective S-matrix schemes (1) applied to the -redefined interactions
exists and is a genuine S-matrix scheme around the given vacuum (this def.);
every S-matrix scheme around the given vacuum arises this way.
These are called counterterms (remark below) and the composite is called a UV regularization of the effective S-matrices .
Hence UV-regularization via counterterms is a method of ("re"-)normalization of perturbative QFT (this def.).
This was claimed in (Brunetti-Dütsch-Fredenhagen 09, (75)), a proof was indicated in (Dütsch-Fredenhagen-Keller-Rejzner 14, theorem A.1).
Let be a sequence of projection maps as in (?) defining an Epstein-Glaser ("re"-)normalization (prop. ) of time-ordered products as extensions of distributions of the , regarded as distributions via remark , by the choice in (?).
We will construct that in terms of these projections .
First consider some convenient shorthand:
For , write . Moreover, for write for the -ary coefficient in the expansion of the composite , as in equation (?) in the proof of the main theorem of perturbative renormalization (theorem ).
In this notation we need to find such that for each we have
We proceed by induction over .
Since by definition , and , the statement is trivially true for and .
So assume now and has been found such that (2) holds.
Observe that with the chosen renormalizing projection the time-ordered product may be expressed as follows:
Here in the first step we inserted the causal decomposition (?) of in terms of the away from the diagonal, as in the proof of prop. , which is admissible because the image of vanishes on the diagonal. In the second step we replaced the star-product of the Feynman propagator with the limit over the star-products of the regularized propagators , which converges by the nature of the Hörmander topology (which is assumed by def. ).
Hence it is sufficient to find and such that
subject to these two conditions:
is local;
.
Now by expanding out the left hand side of (4) as
(which uses the condition ) we find the unique solution of (4) for , in terms of the and (the latter still to be chosen) to be:
We claim that the following choice works:
To prove this, we need to show that 1) the resulting is local and 2) the limit of vanishes as .
First regarding the locality of : By inserting (6) into (5) we obtain
By definition is the identity on test functions (adiabatic switchings) that vanish at the diagonal. This means that is supported on the diagonal, and is hence local.
Second we need to show that :
By applying the analogous causal decomposition (?) to the regularized products, we find
Using this we compute as follows:
Here in the first step we inserted (7); in the second step we used that in the Hörmander topology the product of distributions preserves limits in each variable and in the third step we used the induction assumption (2) and the definition of UV cutoff (def. ).
Inserting this for the first summand in (6) shows that .
In conclusion this shows that a consistent choice of counterterms exists to produce some S-matrix .
It just remains to see that for every other S-matrix there exist counterterms such that .
But by the main theorem of perturbative renormalization (theorem ) we know that there exists a vertex redefinition such that
and hence with counterterms for given, then counterterms for any are given by the composite .
Let be a gauge fixed relativistic free vacuum (according to this def.) and let be a choice of UV cutoffs for perturbative QFT around this vacuum (def. ).
Consider
a local observable, regarded as an adiabatically switched interaction action functional.
Then prop. says that there exist vertex redefinitions of this interaction
parameterized by , such that the limit
exists and is an S-matrix for perturbative QFT with the given interaction .
In this case the difference
(which by the axiom “perturbation” in this def. is at least of second order in the coupling constant/source field, as shown) is called a choice of counterterms at cutoff scale . These are new interactions which are added to the given interaction at cutoff scale
In this language prop. says that for every free field vacuum and every choice of local interaction, there is a choice of counterterms to the interaction that defines a corresponding ("re"-)normalized perturbative QFT, and every (re"-)normalized perturbative QFT arises from some choice of counterterms.
(effective S-matrix schemes are invertible functions)
Let be a gauge fixed relativistic free vacuum (according to this def.) and let be a choice of UV cutoffs for perturbative QFT around this vacuum (def. ).
Write
for the subspace of the space of formal power series in with coefficients polynomial observables on those which are at least of first order in , i.e. those that vanish for (as in this def.).
Write moreover
for the subspace of polynomial observables which are the sum of 1 (the multiplicative unit) with an observable at least linear n .
Then the effective S-matrix schemes (def. ) restrict to linear isomorphisms of the form
Since each is symmetric (def. ) if follows by general properties of star products (this prop.) just as for the genuine time-ordered product on regular polynomial observables (this prop.) that eeach the “effective time-ordered product” is isomorphic to the pointwise product (this def.)
for
(as in this equation).
In particular this means that the effective S-matrix arises from the exponential series for the pointwise product by conjugation with :
(just as for the genuine S-matrix on regular polynomial observables in this def.).
Now the exponential of the pointwise product on has as inverse function the natural logarithm power series, and since evidently preserves powers of this conjugates to an inverse at each UV cutoff scale :
Let be a gauge fixed relativistic free vacuum (according to this def.) and let be a choice of UV cutoffs for perturbative QFT around this vacuum (def. ).
Consider
a local observable regarded as an adiabatically switched interaction action functional.
Then for
two UV cutoff-scale parameters, we say the relative effective action is the image of this interaction under the composite of the effective S-matrix scheme at scale (1) and the inverse function of the effective S-matrix scheme at scale (via prop. ):
For chosen counterterms (remark ) hence for chosen UV regularization (prop. ) this makes sense also for and we write:
(effective quantum field theory)
Let be a gauge fixed relativistic free vacuum (according to this def.), let be a choice of UV cutoffs for perturbative QFT around this vacuum (def. ), and let be a corresponding UV regularization (prop. ).
Consider a local observable
regarded as an adiabatically switched interaction action functional.
Then def. and def. say that for any the effective S-matrix (1) of the relative effective action (10) equals the genuine S-matrix of the genuine interaction :
In other words the relative effective action encodes what the actual perturbative QFT defined by effectively looks like at UV cutoff .
Therefore one says that defines effective quantum field theory at UV cutoff .
Notice that in general is not a local interaction anymore: By prop. the image of the inverse of the effective S-matrix is microcausal polynomial observables in and there is no guarantee that this lands in the subspace of local observables.
Therefore effective quantum field theories at finite UV cutoff-scale are in general not local field theories, even if their limit as is, via prop. .
(effective action is relative effective action at )
Let be a gauge fixed relativistic free vacuum (according to this def.) and let be a choice of UV cutoffs for perturbative QFT around this vacuum (def. ).
Then the relative effective action (def. ) at is the actual effective action (this def.) being times the Feynman perturbation series of Feynman amplitudes for connected Feynman diagrams :
Observe that the effective S-matrix scheme at scale (1) is the exponential series with respect to the pointwise product (this def.)
Therefore the statement to be proven says equivalently that the exponential series of the effective action with respect to the pointwise product is the S-matrix:
That this is the case is the statement of this prop..
The definition of the relative effective action in def. invokes a choice of UV regularization (prop. ). While (by that proposition and the main theorem of perturbative renormalization this is guaranteed to exist, in practice one is after methods for constructing this without specifying it a priori.
But the collection relative effective actions for “flows” with the cutoff-parameters and in particular also with (remark below) which suggests that examination of this flow yields information about full theory at .
This is made precise by Polchinski's flow equation (prop. below), which is the infinitesimal version of the “Wilsonian RG flow” (remark ). As a differential equation it is independent of the choice of and hence may be used to solve for the Wilsonian RG flow without knowing in advance.
The freedom in choosing the initial values of this differential equation corresponds to the ("re"-)normalization freedom in choosing the UV regularization . In this sense “Wilsonian RG flow” is a method of ("re"-)normalization of perturbative QFT (this def.).
(Wilsonian groupoid of effective quantum field theories)
Let be a gauge fixed relativistic free vacuum (according to this def.) and let be a choice of UV cutoffs for perturbative QFT around this vacuum (def. ).
Then the relative effective actions (def. ) satisfy
This is similar to a group of UV-cutoff scale-transformations. But since the composition operations are only sensible when the UV-cutoff labels match, as shown, it is really a groupoid action.
This is often called the Wilsonian RG, following (Wilson 71).
We now consider the infinitesimal version of this “flow”:
Let be a gauge fixed relativistic free vacuum (according to this def.), let be a choice of UV cutoffs for perturbative QFT around this vacuum (def. ), such that is differentiable.
Then for every choice of UV regularization (prop. ) the corresponding relative effective actions (def. ) satisfy the following differential equation:
where on the right we have the star product induced by (this def.).
This goes back to (Polchinski 84, (27)). The rigorous formulation and proof is due to (Brunetti-Dütsch-Fredenhagen 09, prop. 5.2, Dütsch 10, theorem 2).
First observe that for any polynomial observable we have
Here denotes the functional derivative of the th tensor factor of , and the binomial coefficient counts the number of ways that an unordered pair of distinct labels of tensor factors may be chosen from a total of tensor factors, where we use that the star product is commutative (by symmetry of ) and associative (by this prop.).
With this and the defining equality (11) we compute as follows:
Acting on this equation with the multiplicative inverse (using that is a commutative product, so that exponentials behave as usual) this yields the claimed equation.
Traditional informal discussion of effective field theory proceeds from the following claim
For a given set of asymptotic states, perturbation theory with the most general Lagrangian containing all terms allowed by the assumed symmetries will yield the most general S-matrix elements consistent with analyticity, perturbative unitarity?, cluster decomposition and the assumed symmetries.
This is due to (Weinberg 1979) and (Leutwyler94); reviewed in Pich, p. 6.
Based on this, one argues to obtains an effective approximation to a given more fundamental theory (which may or may not be actually known) by
choosing the (sub)set of fields to be considered;
writing down a Lagrangian
that contains all the possible polynomial interaction terms of these fields scaled by their expected/known energy scale , up to a maximal energy scale
(this will in general contain lots of direct interaction that in the fundamental theory are really compound interactions)
with ;
finally one fixes all the coupling constants of all these interactions by
either deriving them from a known fundamental theory by integrating out higher energy effects in that theory;
or, otherwise, measuring them in the laboratory. The point being that due to the energy cutoff, this is guaranteed to be a finite number of parameters. After these have been determined, all remaining quantities given by the Lagrangian are then predictions of the effective theory.
effective field theories of nuclear physics, hence for confined-phase quantum chromodynamics:
In lattice QCD: see Symanzik effective field theory
On neutrino masses and the standard model of particle physics as an effective field theory:
I also noted at the same time that interactions between a pair of lepton doublets and a pair of scalar doublets can generate a neutrino mass, which is suppressed only by a factor , and that therefore with a reasonable estimate of could produce observable neutrino oscillations. The subsequent confirmation of neutrino oscillations lends support to the view of the Standard Model as an effective field theory, with M somewhere in the neighborhood of . (Weinberg 09, p. 15)
The string scattering amplitudes for superstrings are finite (fully proven so for low loop order and with various plausibility arguments for higher loop order, see at string scattering amplitudes for more), hence define a UV-complete S-matrix. The corresponding low energy effective field theories are theories of supergravity coupled to gauge theory. (type II supergravity, heterotic supergravity).
See also at string theory FAQ – What is string theory?.
The modern picture of effective low-energy QFT goes back to
L. P. Kadanoff, Scaling laws for Ising models near , Physica 2 (1966);
Kenneth Wilson, Renormalization group and critical phenomena 1. Renormalization group and the Kadanoff scaling picture , , Physical review B 4(9) (1971) (doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.4.3174)
Kenneth Wilson, Renormalization group and critical phenomena. 2. Phase space cell analysis of critical behavior, Phys. Rev. B4 , 3184 (1971) (doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.4.3184)
Steven Weinberg, Phenomenological Lagrangians, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications Volume 96, Issues 1–2, April 1979, Pages 327-340 (doi:10.1016/0378-4371(79)90223-1)
Joseph Polchinski, Renormalization and effective Lagrangians , Nuclear Phys. B B231, 1984 (pdf)
H. Leutwyler, Ann. Phys., NY 235 (1994) 165.
Early history:
Review:
Steven Weinberg, Effective Field Theory, Past and Future (arXiv:0908.1964)
A. Pich, Effective Field Theory (arXiv:hep-ph/9806303)
Abdelmalek Abdesselam, QFT, RG, and all that, for mathematicians, in eleven pages (arXiv:1311.4897)
Daniel Freed, Lecture 5 of Five lectures on supersymmetry
Andrey Grozin, Effective field theories (arXiv:2001.00434)
Riccardo Penco, An Introduction to Effective Field Theories (arXiv:2006.16285)
C. P. Burgess, Introduction to effective field theory, Cambridge University Press 2020 (arXiv:hep-th/0701053, ISBN:9781139048040)
A classical textbook adopting the EFT perspective is
Press,Cambridge,1995).
whose author describes his goal as:
This is intended to be a book on quantum field theory for the era of effective field theory.
Another book which takes the effective-field-theory approach to QFT is
Discussion for nuclear physics:
Discussion with an eye towards condensed matter physics is in
and with an eye towards particle physics and the standard model of particle physics:
The point that perturbatively non-renormalizable theories may be regarded as effective field theories at each energy scale was highligted in
Notably the theory of gravity based on the standard Einstein-Hilbert action may be regarded as just an effective QFT, which makes some of its notorious problems be non-problems:
John Donoghue, Introduction to the Effective Field Theory Description of Gravity (arXiv:gr-qc/9512024)
Mario Atance, Jose Luis Cortes, Effective Field Theory of pure Gravity and the Renormalization Group (arXiv:hep-th/9604076)
John F. Donoghue, Quantum General Relativity and Effective Field Theory, in: Handbook of Quantum Gravity, Springer (2023) [arXiv:2211.09902]
and in the context of perturbation theory in AQFT:
Comments on this point are also in
Jacques Distler, blog posts
See also
Discussion of perturbative effective QFT in the rigorous context of causal perturbation theory/perturbative AQFT and its relation to the Stückelberg-Petermann renormalization group is due to
Romeo Brunetti, Michael Dütsch, Klaus Fredenhagen, section 5.2 of Perturbative Algebraic Quantum Field Theory and the Renormalization Groups, Adv. Theor. Math. Physics 13 (2009), 1541-1599 (arXiv:0901.2038)
Michael Dütsch, Connection between the renormalization groups of Stückelberg-Petermann and Wilson, Confluentes Mathematici, Vol. 4, No. 1 (2012) 12400014 (arXiv:1012.5604)
Michael Dütsch, Klaus Fredenhagen, Kai Keller, Katarzyna Rejzner, appendix A of Dimensional Regularization in Position Space, and a Forest Formula for Epstein-Glaser Renormalization, J. Math. Phy. 55(12), 122303 (2014) (arXiv:1311.5424)
reviewed in
See also
Discussion of the effective field theories induced by string theory includes the following:
Via string scattering amplitudes:
Via string field theory:
R. Brustein, S.P.De Alwis, Renormalization group equation and non-perturbative effects in string-field theory, Nuclear Physics B Volume 352, Issue 2, 25 March 1991, Pages 451-468 (doi:10.1016/0550-3213(91)90451-3)
Brustein and K. Roland, “Space-time versus world sheet renormalization group equation in string theory,” Nucl. Phys. B372, 201 (1992) (doi:10.1016/0550-3213(92)90317-5)
Ashoke Sen, Wilsonian Effective Action of Superstring Theory, J. High Energ. Phys. (2017) 2017: 108 (arXiv:1609.00459)
Discussion of possible criteria for which effective field theory do not arise as effective field theories of a string theory:
For more see at landscape of string theory vacua.
Last revised on June 16, 2023 at 06:14:57. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.