nLab supersymmetry and Calabi-Yau manifolds

Idea

This page reviews some of the relation between the existence of supersymmetries in a spacetime quantum field theory which arises as the effective quantum field theory of some string 2d SCFT, the special geometry of that spacetime (such as Calabi-Yau manifold structure) as well as increased worldsheet supersymmetry of the superstring.

Target space perspective

A solution to the bosonic Einstein equations of ordinary gravity – some Riemannian manifold – has a global symmetry if it has a Killing vector.

Accordingly, a configuration that solves the supergravity Euler-Lagrange equations is a global supersymmetry if it has a Killing spinor: a covariantly constant spinor.

(Here the notion of covariant derivative includes the usual Levi-Civita connection, but also in general torsion components and contributions from other background gauge fields such as a Kalb-Ramond field and the RR-fields in type II supergravity or heterotic supergravity.)

Of particular interest to phenomenologists around the turn of the millennium (but maybe less so today with new experimental evidence) has been in KK-compactification solutions of spacetime manifolds of the form $M^4 \times Y^6$ for $M^4$ the locally observed Minkowski spacetime (that plays a role as the background for all available particle accelerator experiments) and a small closed 6-dimensional Riemannian manifold $Y^6$.

In the absence of further fields besides gravity, the condition that such a configuration has precisely one Killing spinor and hence precisely one global supersymmetry turns out to be precisely that $Y^6$ is a Calabi-Yau manifold. One such remaining global supersymmetry in the low energy effective field theory in 4-dimensions is or was believed to be of relevance in phenomenology, see for instance the supersymmetric MSSM extension of the standard model of particle physics. This is where all the interest into these Calabi-Yau manifolds in string theory comes from. (Notice though that nothing in the theory itself demands such a compactification. It is only the phenomenological assumption of the factorized spacetime compactification together with $N = 1$ supersymmetry that does so).

More generally, in the presence of other background gauge fields, the Calabi-Yau condition here is deformed. One also speaks of generalized Calabi-Yau spaces. (For instance (GMPT05)).

Alternatively, if one starts the KK-compactification not from 10-dimensional string theory but from 11-dimensional supergravity/M-theory, then the condition for the KK-compactification to preserved precisely one global supersymmetry is that it be on a G₂-manifold. For more on this see at M-theory on G₂-manifolds.

Worldvolume perspective

On the other hand, the enhanced global supersymmetry of target space is also reflected in enhanced local supersymmetry on the worldsheet of the string. For instance for the heterotic string whose worldsheet 2d SCFT apriori has $N=(1,0)$ supersymmetry, the target space theory has $N=1$ supersymmetry precisely if the worldsheet theory’s supersymmetry enhanced to $N=(2,0)$. (BDFF 88). For more on this see at 2d (2,0)-superconformal QFT.

Similar comments apply to type II superstring theory, where $N=1$ target space supersymmetry enhanced the worldsheet symmetry from $N=(1,1)$ to $N=(2,2)$. This is reflected notably in the mirror symmetry of the target Calabi-Yau manifolds.

Non-perturbative description

The above analysis in perturbative string theory is expected to find a non-perturbative lift to M-theory/F-theory. Under this lift, compactification on a Calabi-Yau complex-3-fold (CY3) lifts to compactification on a G₂-manifold/CY4-fold, respectively:

KK-compactifications of higher dimensional supergravity with minimal ($N=1$) supersymmetry:

perspective	KK-compactification with $N=1$ supersymmetry
M-theory	M-theory on G₂-manifolds
F-theory	F-theory on CY4-manifolds
heterotic string theory	heterotic string theory on CY3-manifolds

Related concepts

• supergravity, supersymmetry

• Kaluza-Klein mechanism

• spontaneously broken symmetry

• hierarchy problem

• string theory FAQ – What does it mean to say that string theory has a “landscape” of solutions?

• M-theory on Calabi-Yau manifolds

• F/M-theory on elliptically fibered Calabi-Yau 4-folds

References

The idea, in the context of heterotic string theory on CY3-manifolds, originates in

• Philip Candelas, Gary Horowitz, Andrew Strominger, and Edward Witten, Vacuum Configurations for Superstrings , Nucl. Phys. B 258 (1985), p. 46.

where in the introduction it says the following

Recently, the discovery [6] of anomaly cancellation in a modified version of $d = 10$ supergravity and superstring theory with gauge group $O(32)$ or $E_8 \times E_8$ has opened the possibility that these theories might be phenomenologically realistic as well as mathematically consistent. A new string theory with $E_8 \times E_8$ gauge group has recently been constructed [7] along with a second $O(32)$ theory.

For these theories to be realistic, it is necessary that the vacuum state be of the form $M_4 \times K$, where $M_4$ is four-dimensional Minkowski space and K is some compact six-dimensional manifold. (Indeed, Kaluza-Klein theory – with its now widely accepted interpretation that all dimensions are on the same logical footing – was first proposed [8] in an effort to make sense out of higher-dimensional string theories). Quantum numbers of quarks and leptons are then determined by topological invariants of $K$ and of an $O(32)$ or $E_8 \times E_8$ gauge field defined on $K$ [9]. Such considerations, however, are far from uniquely determining $K$.

In this paper, we will discuss some considerations, which, if valid, come very close to determining $K$ uniquely. We require

(i) The geometry to be of the form $H_4 \times K$, where $H_4$ is a maximally symmetric spacetime.

(ii) There should be an unbroken $N = 1$ supersymmetry in four dimensions. General arguments [10] and explicit demonstrations [11] have shown that supersymmetry may play an essential role in resolving the gauge hierarchy or Dirac large numbers problem. These arguments require that supersymmetry is unbroken at the Planck (or compactification) scale.

(iii) The gauge group and fermion spectrum should be realistic.

These requirements turn out to be extremely restrictive. In previous ten-dimensional supergravity theories, supersymmetric configurations have never given rise to chiral fermions – let alone to a realistic spectrum. However, the modification introduced by Green and Schwarz to produce an anomaly-free field theory also makes it possible to satisfy these requirements. We will see that unbroken $N = 1$ supersymmetry requires that $K$ have, for perturbatively accessible configurations, $SU(3)$ holonomy and that the four-dimensional cosmological constant vanish. The existence of spaces with $SU(3)$ holonomy was conjectured by Calabi [12] and proved by Yau [13].

(Of course later it was understood that Calabi-Yau spaces, even those of complex dimension 3, are not “very close to unique”.)

Lecture notes include

• Brian Greene, String Theory on Calabi-Yau Manifolds, lectures at TASI96 (arXiv:hep-th/9702155)

Further original references include

• Tom Banks, Lance Dixon, Dan Friedan, Emil Martinec, Phenomenology and Conformal Field Theory or Can String Theory Predict the Weak Mixing Angle?, Nucl. Phys. B299 (1988) 613. (pdf)

• Jacques Distler, Brian Greene, Aspects Of $(2,0)$ String Compactifications, Nucl. Phys. B304 (1988)

• Andrew Strominger, Special Geometry, Comm. Math. Phys. 133 (1990) 163.

• Philip Candelas and X. De la Ossa, Moduli Space of Calabi-Yau Manifolds, Nucl. Phys. B355 (1991) 455.

• Edward Witten, Phases of N=2 Theories in Two Dimensions, Nucl. Phys. B403 (1993) 159 (arXiv:hep-th/9301042)

and chapters 12 - 16 of

• Michael Green, John Schwarz, Edward Witten, Superstring Theory , Vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, (1987)

A canonical textbook reference for the role of Calabi-Yau manifolds in compactifications of 10-dimensional supergravity is

• Andrew Strominger (notes by John Morgan), Kaluza-Klein compactifications, Supersymmetry and Calabi-Yau spaces , volume II, starting on page 1091 in

• Pierre Deligne, Pavel Etingof, Dan Freed, L. Jeffrey,

David Kazhdan, John Morgan, D.R. Morrison and Edward Witten, eds. , Quantum Fields and Strings, A course for mathematicians, 2 vols. Amer. Math. Soc. Providence 1999. (web version)

Lecure notes in a more general context of string phenomenology include

• Martin Wijnholt, String compactification, PITP 2014 lecture notes (pdf, slides for lecture 1, slides for lecture 2, slides for lecture 3)

Discussion of generalized Calabi-Yau backgrounds is for instance in

• Mariana Graña, Ruben Minasian, Michela Petrini, Alessandro Tomasiello, Generalized structures of $N=1$ vacua (arXiv:hep-th/0505212)

Mathematical background:

• Tristan Hübsch, Calabi-Yau Manifolds – A Bestiary for Physicists, World Scientific 1992 (doi:10.1142/1410)