nLab smooth Lorentzian space

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Contents

Under Construction

Context

Differential geometry

synthetic differential geometry

Introductions

from point-set topology to differentiable manifolds

geometry of physics: coordinate systems, smooth spaces, manifolds, smooth homotopy types, supergeometry

Differentials

V-manifolds

smooth space

Tangency

The magic algebraic facts

Theorems

Axiomatics

cohesion

infinitesimal cohesion

tangent cohesion

differential cohesion

graded differential cohesion

singular cohesion

id id fermionic bosonic bosonic Rh rheonomic reduced infinitesimal infinitesimal & étale cohesive ʃ discrete discrete continuous * \array{ && id &\dashv& id \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{fermionic}{}& \rightrightarrows &\dashv& \rightsquigarrow & \stackrel{bosonic}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{bosonic}{} & \rightsquigarrow &\dashv& \mathrm{R}\!\!\mathrm{h} & \stackrel{rheonomic}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{reduced}{} & \Re &\dashv& \Im & \stackrel{infinitesimal}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{infinitesimal}{}& \Im &\dashv& \& & \stackrel{\text{étale}}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ &\stackrel{cohesive}{}& \esh &\dashv& \flat & \stackrel{discrete}{} \\ && \bot && \bot \\ &\stackrel{discrete}{}& \flat &\dashv& \sharp & \stackrel{continuous}{} \\ && \vee && \vee \\ && \emptyset &\dashv& \ast }

Models

Lie theory, ∞-Lie theory

differential equations, variational calculus

Chern-Weil theory, ∞-Chern-Weil theory

Cartan geometry (super, higher)

Riemannian geometry

Physics

physics, mathematical physics, philosophy of physics

Surveys, textbooks and lecture notes


theory (physics), model (physics)

experiment, measurement, computable physics

Gravity

Contents

Definition

Lorentzian manifold

A Lorentzian manifold (X,η)(X, \eta) of dimension (d+1)(d+1) is a smooth manifold equipped with a pseudo-Riemannian metric η\eta of signature [+][+--\cdots -] (but note that the complementary choice [+++][-++\cdots +] is also used in the literature). This equips the tangent space T xXT_x X at every point xXx \in X canonically with the structure of a (d+1)(d+1)-dimensional Minkowski space. Accordingly, tangent vectors vT xXv \in T_x X of XX are called timelike , lightlike or spacelike , if their norm-square μ x(v,v)\mu_x(v,v) is positive, zero or negative, respectively. See also at causal structure.

Causal structure

A time orientation on a Lorentzian manifold XX is a smooth (or, depending on the author, continuous) vector field νΓ(TX)\nu \in \Gamma(T X) such that at all points xXx \in X the vector ν x\nu_x is timelike. In general, a Lorentzian manifold does not have globally defined timelike continuous vector fields. Sometimes only Lorentzian manifolds admitting a time orientation are also called spacetimes.

Given a time orientation ν\nu, a vector vT xXv \in T_x X is future directed if it is timelike or light-like and its inner product with the time orientation vector at that point is positive, μ x(ν,v x)>0\mu_x(\nu,v_x) \gt 0.

Since ν\nu itself is smooth, it follows that it is future directed with respect to itself at every point.

A smooth curve in XX, i.e. a smooth map γ:[0,1]X\gamma : [0,1] \to X is called a timelike curve or a lightlike curve or a spacelike curve or a future-directed curve precisely if all of its tangent vectors (γ * s)T γ(s)X(\gamma_* \partial_s) \in T_{\gamma(s)} X are.

We say that a point yXy \in X lies in the future of a point xXx \in X if y=xy = x or if there exists a future-directed curve γ:[0,1]X\gamma : [0,1] \to X with γ(0)=x\gamma(0) = x and γ(1)=y\gamma(1) = y. Equivalently, in this case xx lies in the past of yy.

Notions of causality

We say that (X,μ)(X,\mu) has closed timelike curves (closed future-directed curves) if there exists a non-constant timelike (future-dierected) curve starting and ending at some point xx. Spacetimes which do not contain closed timelike curves are called chronological, spacetimes which do not contain closed future directed (i.e. non-spacelike) curves are called causal.

Definition

Given a time orientated spacetime L, the chronological future I +(p)I^+(p) of a point pLp \in L is the set of events that can be reached by a future directed timelike curve starting from p:

I +(p):={qL|there exists a future directed timelike curveλ(t)withλ(0)=pandλ(1)=q} I^+(p) := \{ q \in L | \text{there exists a future directed timelike curve} \lambda(t) \text{with} \lambda(0) = p and \lambda(1)=q \}

The causal future J +(p)J^+(p) of pp is defined in the same way with future directed timelike replaced by future directed causal aka non-spacelike.

Definition

A subset S of a time orientated spacetime L is said to be achronal if no two points in S can be connected by a future directed timelike curve, i.e. for all p,qLp, q \in L we have qI +(p)q \notin I^+(p).

Theorem

boundary of chronological future Let L be a time orientated spacetime and SLS \subset L. Then the boundary of I +(S)I^+(S) is either empty or an achronal, three-dimensional, embedded, C 0C^0-submanifold of L.

This is theorem 8.1.3 in the book of Wald.

Examples of non-chronological Lorentzian manifolds are the anti de Sitter space and the Kerr spacetime.

While the former is more of a theoretical interest due to the maximality of the symmetry group, the latter is usually seen as a solution with relevance to actual physics, despite the fact that causality does not hold everywhere.

Note that the property of being chronological is not strong enough to enforce causality as understood in everyday life: Even if there are no closed future-directed curves, there still may be e.g. nonclosed ergodic future-directed curves (they come close to every point they already passed in the “past”). An often used stronger condition that models the everyday notion of causality is that the manifold has to be globally hyperbolic? (Wikipedia), which, as already mentioned, excludes certain solutions modelling e.g. black holes.

Being causal means being a poset

Precisely if the Lorentzian space is causal in that there are no closed future-directed curves is the relation

  • (xy)(x \leq y) \Leftrightarrowyy is in the future of xx

a poset, hence a category with at most a single morphism between any two objects:

The objects of this category are the points of XX. A morphism xyx \to y is a pair of points xyx \leq y with yy in the future of xx. Composition of morphisms is transitivity of the relation. The identity morphism on xx is the reflexivity xxx \leq x.

The anti-symmetry (xyx)(x=y)(x \leq y \leq x) \Rightarrow (x = y) is precisely the absence of closed future-directed curves in XX.

Conversely, from just knowing XX as a smooth manifold and knowing this poset structure on XX, one can reconstruct the light cone structure of (X,μ)(X,\mu), i.e. the information about which tangent vectors are timelike, lightlike, etc.

One can see

(…reference…)

that the pseudo-Riemannian metric μ\mu may be reconstructed from the lightcone structure and the volume density? that it induces. In this sense a Lorentzian manifold without future-directed curves is equivalently a smooth poset equipped with a smooth measure on its space of objects.

Generalized smooth Lorentzian spaces

A smooth Lorentzian space is supposed to be like a Lorentzian manifold, but whose underlying space is not necessarily a smooth manifold, but a generalized smooth space.

So this is “something like” a poset internal to a category of measure spaces, or a poset-valued 2-stack on something like CartSp or the like.

Construction on a smooth Lorentzian space

Causal subsets

Let (X,μ,ν)(X,\mu,\nu) be a time-oriented Lorentzian space regarded as a smooth category that is a poset.

A causal subset of a XX is one of its under-over categories xXyx \downarrow X \downarrow y for a pair x,yXx,y \in X of points in XX.

Its objects form the collection of all points zXz \in X that are both in the future of xx as well as in the past of yy.

The path (,1)(\infty,1)-category of a Lorentzian space

To every Lie ∞-groupoid XX is associated its path ∞-groupoid Π(X)\mathbf{\Pi}(X). But more generally, to a smooth (∞,1)-category is associated a path (,1)(\infty,1)-category. See fundamental (infinity,1)-category.

A causal Lorentzian manifold may naturally be regarded as a smooth category (a smooth poset) and as such has a path (2,1)-category. Its invertible morphisms are smooth spacelike curves, and its non-invertible morphisms contain future-directed paths. This (2,1)(2,1)-category plays the role of the path groupoid of a plain manifold and is akin to the path 2-groupoid of paths in an orbifold, only that where the latter has all morphisms invertible, crucially in the path 2-groupoid of a Lorentzian space, there are non-invertible morphisms, reflecting the causal structure of that space.

To put this construction into context, we therefore first recall the story for paths in an orbifold.

Prelude: the path 2-groupoid of an orbifold

To an ordinary smooth manifold or generalized smooth space XX is associated its fundamental groupoid Π 1(X)\Pi_1(X) and its smooth path groupoid P 1(X)P_1(X): categories whose objects are the points of XX and whose morphisms are certain equivalence classes of smooth paths between these objects.

This construction generalizes from paths in plain spaces, to paths in spaces that are themselves smooth groupoids: notably to orbifolds XX.

Given an orbifold XX with space of objects X 0X_0 and space of morphisms X 1X_1, paths in it form a smooth 2-groupoid P 1(X)P_1(X) which looks as follows:

  • objects of P 1(X)P_1(X) are the points of X 0X_0;

  • the morphisms of P 1(X)P_1(X) are formal composites of two types of morphisms

    1. the smooth paths X 0X_0, i.e. the morphisms of P 1(X 0)P_1(X_0);

      γ:xy\gamma : x \to y

    2. the original morphisms of XX, i.e. the elements of X 1X_1. Since the orbifold is locally given by a group GG, we may think of these morphisms as being of the form xgxx \to g\cdot x, connecting a point xX 0x \in X_0 to the point gxg\cdot x that it is isomorphic to under the orbifold action.

  • the 2-morphisms of P 1(X)P_1(X) are paths in X 1X_1, i.e. morphisms of P 1(X 1)P_1(X_1). These we may picture as

    x γ y gx gγ gy. \array{ x &\stackrel{\gamma}{\to}& y \\ \downarrow &\swArrow& \downarrow \\ g\cdot x &\underset{g\cdot \gamma}{\to}& g \cdot y } \,.

    This is a path (γ,gγ)(\gamma, g\cdot \gamma) of pairs of points that are related under the orbifold action.

The path 2-groups P 1(X)P_1(X) of the orbifold encodes the correct notion of trajectories in the orbifold: such a trajectory may proceed along smooth paths, and intermittently it may jump between the “orbifold sectors”. Notably an automorphism in P 1(X)P_1(X) on a point xx may be given by a smooth path xgxx \to g x that does not come back to xx but just to one of its mirror-images, composed with the jump-morphism gxxg x \to x back to xx. Sometimes (notably in string theory) such loops are called twisted sectors of loop configurations.

A detailed description of the smooth 2-groupoid of paths in a smooth 2-groupoid may be found in section 2.1 of

There the groupoid XX is taken to be a Cech groupoid, but the general mechanism of the construction does not depend on this. A fully general description of paths in (higher) smooth groupoids is also at path ∞-groupoid.

It is immediate how this construction generalizes when the smooth groupoid XX is replaced by a smooth category. This we turn to now.

The path (2,1)(2,1)-category of a Lorentzian space

Now we discuss the same as above, where now X=(X 1X 0)X = (X_1 \stackrel{\to}{\to} X_0) is not a smooth groupoid, but a smooth category, notably the smooth poset determined by a smooth Lorentzian space.

So let XX be a smooth causal Lorentzian manifold, regarded as a poset. So X 0X_0 is the underlying manifold and X 1X 0×X 0X_1 \subset X_0 \times X_0 is the collection of pairs of points with one in the future of the other.

We equip this with the structure of a category internal to diffeological spaces, hence with the structure of a category-valued presheaf on the site CartSp, by declaring that a plot ϕ:UX 0\phi : U \to X_0 of the space of objects is a spacelike smooth map UX 0U \to X_0: the push-forward along ϕ\phi of every tangent vector of UCartSpU \in CartSp yields a spacelike vector in X 0X_0.

Analogously, we declare a plot ϕ:UX 1\phi : U \to X_1 to be a pair of plots into X 0X_0 such that pointwise this assigns a point and one point in its future.

From now on, by abuse of notation, by XX we shall mean this category internal to diffeological spaces, regarded as a category-valued presheaf on CartSp.

Then the path (2,1)(2,1)-category P 1(X)P_1(X) is defined as follows:

  • its space of objects is again the diffeological space X 0X_0;

  • the elements of its space of morphisms are generated from

    • morphisms γ:xy\gamma : x \to y given by reparameterization or thin-hoimotopy classes of smooth spacelike curves γ:[0,1]X 0\gamma : [0,1] \to X_0;

    • morphisms of the form xyx \to y for every xyx \leq y in the causal structure of XX.

    There is an evident diffeology on this space (a quotient of a disjoint union of product diffeologies). This defines the diffeological space (P 1(X))(P_1(X)).

  • the elements of its space of 2-morphisms are generated from 2-morphisms

    [γ 1] x 1 y 1 x 2 y 2 [γ 2]t[0,1]:γ 1(t)γ 2(t) \array{ & \nearrow \searrow^{\mathrlap{[\gamma_1]}} \\ x_1 && y_1 \\ \downarrow &\swArrow& \downarrow \\ x_2 && y_2 \\ & \searrow \nearrow_{\mathrlap{[\gamma_2]}} } \;\;\;\; \forall t \in [0,1] : \gamma_1(t) \leq \gamma_2(t)

    given from classes of smooth paths in X 1X_1, i.e. from classes of paths of pairs of points, one in the future of the other.

    There is an evident diffeology and evident composition operations on this. Notice that the generating 2-cells are 2-isomorphisms, but that their source and target morphisms are not generally invertible.

References

Named after Hendrik Lorentz.

A classic reference for general relativity is

A textbook dedicated to the classical diffential geometric aspects Lorentzian manifolds is

  • John K. Beem; Paul E. Ehrlich, ; Kevin L. Easley, Global Lorentzian geometry (ZMATH entry)

A classical influential text on the nature of Lorentzian space is

On Lorentz structure as G-structure:

  • Leandro A. Lichtenfelz, Paolo Piccione, Abdelghani Zeghib, On the Isometry Group of Lorentz Manifolds, in: Miguel Sanchez, Miguel Ortega, Alfonso Romero (eds.) Recent Trends in Lorentzian Geometry, Springer 2013 (doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4897-6_12)

The relation between causality and poset-structure (see also causal set) is reviewed for instance in

  • Ettore Minguzzi, Time and Causality in General Relativity , talk notes, Ponta Delgada, July 2009 (pdf)

More details are discussed in the context of domain theory, see for instance

  • Keye Martin? and Prakash Panangaden,

    Domain Theory and the Causal Structure of Space-Time</a>

Some vaguely related blog discussion is at

Last revised on January 20, 2021 at 12:22:38. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.